mAChR

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in various other tissues and organs throughout the body. These receptors are named after muscarine, a natural alkaloid compound found in certain mushrooms, which was one of the first substances discovered to activate them.

There are five subtypes of muscarinic receptors, designated as M1 through M5, each with distinct tissue distribution and functions. Here's an overview of their roles:

  • M1 Receptors: Predominantly found in the central nervous system, particularly in regions associated with cognitive functions. Activation of M1 receptors is linked to memory and learning.
  • M2 Receptors: Found in the heart, where they play a crucial role in regulating heart rate and cardiac contractility. Activation of M2 receptors slows heart rate and reduces the force of cardiac contractions.
  • M3 Receptors: Present in smooth muscle tissues, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and bronchial airways. Activation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle contraction.
  • M4 Receptors: Distributed mainly in the central nervous system and involved in modulating neurotransmitter release. Their role in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders is of interest.
  • M5 Receptors: Located in certain areas of the brain and implicated in the modulation of dopamine release. Research suggests they may be relevant to Parkinson's disease and addiction.

Muscarinic receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and play a vital role in regulating a wide range of physiological processes, including heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and neurotransmitter release. They are targets for various drugs, including anticholinergic agents, which block their activity, and drugs used to treat conditions like bradycardia and neurodegenerative disorders.

Understanding the functions and regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is essential for developing therapies that modulate their activity and for advancing our knowledge of how they contribute to various physiological and pathological processes in the body.

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  1. M1 receptor modulator

    MK7622 is a muscarinic M1 receptor positive allosteric modulator.
  2. mAChR PAM

    BQCA is a highly selective positive allosteric modulator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR).
  3. M4 modulator

    VU6005806 (AZN-00016130) is a potent muscarnic acethylcholine receptor subtype 4 (M4) positive allosteric modulator (PAM), with EC50s of 94 nM, 28 nM, 87 nM and 68 nM for human, rat, dog and cyno M4, respectively. Used in the research of neuropsychiatric disorders.
  4. M1 modulator

    TAK-071 is a novel, potent and highly selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (M1R) positive allosteric modulator. EC50 of TAK-071 M1R agonist activities is 520 nM.
  5. mAChR modulator

    VU0467154 is a positive allosteric modulator of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), potentiating the response to ACh with pEC50s of 7.75, 6.2 and 6 for rat, human and cynomolgus monkey M4 receptor, respectively.
  6. mAChR M5 positive allosteric modulator

    VU 0365114 is a mAChR M5 positive allosteric modulator, with an EC50 of 2.7 μM.
  7. M5 NAM

    VU 6008667 is a selective negative allosteric modulator of M5 NAM with IC50s of 1.2 μM and 1.6 μM for human M5 and rat M5, respectively. High CNS penetration.
  8. mAChR modulator

    Rapacuronium bromide is an allosteric modulator of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR).
  9. mAChR5 modulator

    VU 0238429 is positive allosteric modulator of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (mAChR5 or M5), with an EC50 of 1.16 μM.
  10. mAChR M5 negative allosteric modulator

    (Rac)-VU 6008667 is a selective negative allosteric modulator of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (M5 NAM) (IC50=1.8 μM, pIC50= 5.75), has high CNS penetration.

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