Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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Antipsychotic Agent
Mazapertine is an orally active antipsychotic agent primarily targeting dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors with high affinity (Ki values < 3 nM). Additionally, it exhibits significant binding to serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (Ki = 1.7 nM) and α1-adrenergic receptors (Ki = 1.3 nM). This compound is valuable for research into neurological diseases, particularly in the context of antipsychotic drug development and neuropharmacology studies. -
α2-adrenoceptor Antagonist/5-HT Receptor re-uptake Inhibitor
Napamezole is a potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist and 5-HT receptor reuptake inhibitor, exhibiting Ki values of 28 nM and 93 nM for rat α2 and α1 adrenergic receptors, respectively. This compound is primarily utilized in research related to depression, facilitating studies on the modulation of serotonergic and adrenergic signaling pathways. Its unique pharmacological profile makes it a valuable tool for investigating potential therapeutic approaches in mood disorders. -
5-HT2C Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator
CYD-1-79 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT2C receptor. This compound enhances 5-HT-induced intracellular calcium release through a distinct allosteric site, demonstrating significant inhibition at dopamine D3 receptors, DAT, and α2A/α2B adrenergic receptors. CYD-1-79 has been shown to modulate spontaneous ambulation in rodents and can synergize with low doses of 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Additionally, it reduces relapse vulnerability in models of psychoactive substance self-administration, highlighting its potential applications in neurological disease research. -
Stable Isotope
Arotinolol-d5 hydrochloride is a deuterated analog of Arotinolol, a nonselective α/β-adrenergic receptor blocker with vasodilatory properties. This compound exhibits notable activity in inhibiting the binding of the radioligand 125I-ICYP to 5HT1B serotonergic receptor sites. Arotinolol serves as an effective antihypertensive agent and is utilized in research related to various cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. -
5-HT1AR Agonist/α1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist
Enciprazine dihydrochloride is an orally active non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that functions as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. This compound demonstrates key biological activity by inducing electroencephalogram changes, characterized by a reduction in δ and θ wave power and an increase in α and fast β wave power. Enciprazine dihydrochloride exhibits anti-aggressive properties, alongside minimal sedative and ataxic effects. It also modulates plasma corticosterone levels and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, making it a valuable reagent for research into anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety syndrome, and psychosis. -
5-HT1A Receptor Inhibitor
LY 178210 is a selective partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor, exhibiting Ki values of 0.67 nM for 5-HT1A and 380 nM for 5-HT1D receptors, thereby demonstrating its specificity. Its minimal activity against α₂-adrenergic receptors, 5-HT₂, and other neurotransmitter receptors makes it a valuable tool in neuropharmacology. Additionally, LY 178210 effectively inhibits forskolin-stimulated cyclase activity, though with lower potency compared to full agonists like 8-OH-DPAT. This compound is significant for studies on serotonergic modulation, as it markedly reduces 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the hypothalamus while increasing serum corticosterone concentrations. -
β-adrenoceptor Blocker
Tiprenolol is a selective β-adrenoceptor blocker that primarily targets β-adrenergic receptors. It has demonstrated efficacy in abolishing adrenaline-induced ventricular arrhythmias in canine models exposed to halothane anesthesia. This compound is valuable in pharmacological research related to cardiac function and the study of arrhythmias. -
Antihypertensive Agent
Pelanserin is an orally active antihypertensive agent that primarily functions as a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. It effectively inhibits α-adrenergic receptor activity, showcasing an ED50 value of 0.03 μg/mL. Additionally, Pelanserin demonstrates vasodilatory properties with an ED100 of 5 μg. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on hypertension, proving effective in hypertensive rodent models and renal hypertensive dog breeds. -
Antipsychotic Agent
Melperone hydrochloride is a butyrophenone that functions primarily as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It acts as a multireceptor antagonist, demonstrating binding affinities with Kd values of 102 nM for 5-HT2A, 180 nM for dopamine D2, 180 nM for α1-adrenergic, and 150 nM for α2-adrenergic receptors. While exhibiting weaker interactions with additional receptors, Melperone hydrochloride shows potential as a CYP2D6 inhibitor. This compound is utilized in research for investigating schizophrenia and managing agitation in elderly populations. -
5-HT Receptor
LEK 8841 methanesulfonate is a selective antagonist of the 5-HT2 receptor, demonstrating notable gastrointestinal calming properties. It exhibits strong competitive antagonism towards 5-HT and norepinephrine, with pA2 values of 7.93 and 6.45, respectively. LEK 8841's superior selectivity compared to other antagonists makes it a valuable reference compound in receptor research. Additionally, studies on structural modifications indicate that LEK 8841 possesses a high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors while exhibiting minimal activity at alpha-adrenergic receptors, enhancing its potential for therapeutic applications in psychopharmacology. -
Mixed Agonist/Antagonist
2-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)ethylamine hydrochloride acts as a mixed agonist and antagonist, primarily targeting the 5-HT1A receptor as a partial agonist and the α1-adrenergic receptor as an antagonist. This reagent exhibits significant potential in studying neurological disorders, particularly in relation to anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Its dual mechanism of action makes it valuable for exploring therapeutic avenues in mental health research. -
D2 Receptor Agonist
(Rac)-Rotigotine serves as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, exhibiting a multifaceted mechanism of action. It is recognized as a full agonist at dopamine receptors and a partial agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, while also functioning as an antagonist of the α2B-adrenergic receptor, demonstrating Ki values of 0.71 nM for dopamine D3 and 4-15 nM for D2, D5, D4, and dopamine D1 receptors. This compound is primarily utilized in research focused on neurological disorders, particularly in the context of Parkinson's disease and other dopamine-related pathologies. -
Stable Isotope
(Rac)-Rotigotine-d3 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled analog of (Rac)-Rotigotine, primarily acting as a full agonist at dopamine receptors. It also serves as a partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor and acts as an antagonist at the α2B-adrenergic receptor, showcasing Ki values of 0.71 nM, 4-15 nM, and 83 nM for the respective targets. This stable isotope is vital for pharmacokinetic studies, isotope labeling experiments, and research related to neuropharmacology. -
5-HT1A Receptor Modulator
Ipsapirone hydrochloride is a selective modulator of the 5-HT1A receptor, functioning primarily as a partial agonist. This compound demonstrates anxiolytic properties, making it relevant for research in anxiety disorders. At elevated concentrations, ipsapirone hydrochloride can also exhibit antagonistic effects on the 5-HT1A receptor and inhibit 5-HT2 and α1-adrenergic receptor activities, expanding its applicability in pharmacological studies of serotonergic and adrenergic signaling pathways. -
Antidepressant Agent
Etoperidone hydrochloride is an orally active antagonist of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, primarily functioning as an antidepressant agent. It exhibits Kd values of 36 nM for the 5-HT2 receptor, 38 nM for the α1-adrenergic receptor, 85 nM for the 5-HT1A receptor, and 570 nM for the α2-adrenergic receptor. This compound is utilized in research focused on mood disorders and the neurochemical pathways related to depression. -
α/β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker
Arotinolol hydrochloride is a nonselective α/β-adrenergic receptor blocker that also functions as a vasodilating β-blocker. This compound exhibits significant potency in inhibiting the binding of the radioligand 125I-ICYP to 5HT1B serotonergic receptor sites. Arotinolol hydrochloride is primarily utilized as an antihypertensive agent in the management of various cardiovascular conditions, in addition to being studied for potential applications in non-cardiovascular diseases. -
Stable Isotope
Paliperidone-d4 is the deuterated form of Paliperidone, a major active metabolite of Risperidone, acting as a dopamine D2 antagonist and 5-HT2A antagonist. This compound also exhibits antagonistic properties at alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors as well as H1-histaminergic receptors. Paliperidone's primary application is in the treatment of schizophrenia, making it valuable for pharmacological research and development of antipsychotic therapies. -
5-HT6 Receptor Agonist
ST1936 is a selective agonist of the 5-HT6 receptor, exhibiting nanomolar affinity with a Ki value of 13 nM for human 5-HT6 receptors. It also demonstrates notable selectivity across related serotonin receptors, with Ki values of 168 nM for 5-HT7 and 245 nM for 5-HT2B. Additionally, ST1936 has moderate affinity for human and rat α2 adrenergic receptors, with a Ki of 300 nM. This compound is valuable for neuroscience research, particularly in studies related to cognitive function and mood disorders. -
Stable Isotope
N-(Phenylacetyl-d5)glycine is a deuterated form of phenylacetylglycine, functioning as a stable isotope. This compound serves as a gut microbial metabolite that can activate the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR). Its biological activity includes providing protective effects against cardiac injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, making it valuable for research in cardiac health and metabolic studies. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled form of D-Mannitol, targeting metabolic pathways through its role as an osmotic agent. This compound is utilized in various research applications, including studies on calcium and magnesium absorption, cecal fermentation, and the modulation of insulin sensitivity. D-Mannitol has been shown to promote the browning of white adipose tissue by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor, which can lead to enhanced thermogenesis and potential reductions in blood glucose levels. Additionally, it is employed in plant cell culture to maintain osmotic balance and protect cellular integrity. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-13C is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of D-Mannitol. This compound serves as a valuable osmotic diuretic and is utilized in various research applications, including the study of calcium and magnesium absorption and retention through cecal fermentation. D-Mannitol is known to promote brown adipose tissue formation, enhance insulin sensitivity, and lower blood glucose levels by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor, leading to the conversion of white fat cells into brown fat cells. Additionally, it is employed to maintain osmotic pressure in plant cell cultures, aiding in cellular protection during physiological manipulation. -
Stable Isotope
Perphenazine-d4 is a deuterated derivative of Perphenazine, a typical antipsychotic agent primarily inhibiting the 5-HT2A receptor, alpha-1A adrenergic receptor, dopamine receptor D2/D3, D2L receptor, and histamine H1 receptor, with Ki values of 5.6, 10, 0.765/0.13, 3.4, and 8 nM, respectively. This stable isotope is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies, allowing for the precise tracking of Perphenazine metabolism and distribution in biological systems. Perphenazine-d4 is essential for researchers focusing on neuropharmacology and drug interaction studies involving antipsychotic medications. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-2-13C is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of D-Mannitol. This 13C-labeled compound plays a critical role in metabolic studies, particularly in understanding carbohydrate metabolism and energy homeostasis. D-Mannitol serves as an osmotic diuretic, promotes the absorption of minerals, enhances brown adipose tissue formation, and demonstrates potential for reducing blood glucose levels through β3-adrenergic receptor activation. It is frequently employed in cell culture applications to maintain osmotic pressure and protect cells, particularly when cell walls are compromised. -
β2AR Activator
Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that acts as a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) activator. It has demonstrated protective effects against cardiac injury resulting from ischemia/reperfusion. This compound is significant for research into cardiovascular health and the role of microbiota in modulating cardiac responses. -
NF-κB Expression Reducer, ERK 1/2 Activator, Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Modulator, Calcium Channel Inhibitor
Eupatorin is a flavonoid that functions primarily as an NF-κB expression reducer and an ERK 1/2 activator, while also modulating beta-adrenergic receptors and inhibiting calcium channels. It demonstrates significant antiproliferative and vasodilatory effects, inducing apoptosis and causing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, alongside reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Eupatorin has been shown to impact inflammatory mediators and calcium signaling pathways, making it relevant for research in breast cancer, hypertension, and leukemia. Metabolized by CYP1A1 and other CYP1 enzymes, Eupatorin yields bioactive metabolites that maintain antiproliferative properties. -
Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist
Aaptamine is an alkaloid derived from the marine sponge Aaptos suberitoides, functioning primarily as a competitive antagonist of the α-adrenergic receptor. This compound exhibits significant cytotoxicity against tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest while promoting p21 expression through a p53-independent mechanism. Aaptamine also demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and analgesic effects, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic applications. -
α-1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Dabuzalgron is a selective α-1A adrenergic receptor agonist primarily utilized for the treatment of urinary incontinence. This compound exhibits key biological activity by enhancing bladder function, thereby mitigating symptoms associated with overactive bladder. Additionally, Dabuzalgron has been shown to provide protection against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through the preservation of mitochondrial function, making it relevant in cardiovascular research. -
Serotonin Receptor Antagonist
Trazodone is a triazolopyridine derivative that primarily functions as a serotonin receptor antagonist and reuptake inhibitor. It exhibits significant antidepressant and sleep-inducing activities, making it valuable in the study of mood disorders and insomnia. Additionally, Trazodone demonstrates antagonistic effects on α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors as well as histamine H1 receptors, while displaying minimal anticholinergic activity. -
Stable Isotope
Perphenazine-d6 fumarate is a deuterated derivative of Perphenazine, primarily acting as a dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist with Ki values of 0.56 nM and 0.43 nM, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrates affinity for the 5-HT2A and Alpha-1A adrenergic receptors. This compound exhibits notable biological activities, including the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Perphenazine-d6 fumarate is useful in research addressing mental health disorders, cancer mechanisms, and inflammatory processes. -
Dopamine Receptor Antagonist
Perphenazine dihydrochloride is a potent antagonist of dopamine receptors, primarily targeting D2 and D3 subtypes, with Ki values of 0.56 nM and 0.43 nM, respectively. Additionally, it exhibits activity against 5-HT2A and α1A adrenergic receptors. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Perphenazine dihydrochloride is particularly useful in research focused on mental disorders, oncology, and inflammatory processes. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-d is a deuterium-labeled form of D-Mannitol, a polyol with significant applications in both food and pharmaceutical research. It functions primarily as an osmotic diuretic, utilized to alleviate tissue edema, while also promoting the absorption of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation. Additionally, D-Mannitol-d is instrumental in studies related to metabolic processes, including the induction of brown fat formation via β3-adrenergic receptor activation, potentially contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and reduced blood glucose levels. Its unique properties make it valuable for maintaining osmotic pressure in plant cell cultures, particularly when cellular integrity is compromised. -
α-1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Dabuzalgron hydrochloride is a selective agonist of the α-1A adrenergic receptor, primarily indicated for the management of urinary incontinence. This compound has demonstrated protective effects against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function. Its pharmacological properties make it a valuable tool in research focused on adrenergic signaling and cardiac health. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-d2 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of D-Mannitol, primarily used as a stable isotope in various research applications. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with significant biological activity, promoting calcium and magnesium absorption while reducing tissue edema. Additionally, it has been shown to enhance brown adipocyte formation and improve insulin sensitivity by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor pathway, leading to the conversion of white fat cells into brown fat. This compound is particularly useful in studies involving osmotic pressure regulation and cellular protection in plant and mammalian cell cultures. -
Noradrenergic Reuptake Inhibitor
Maprotiline is a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that exhibits significant antidepressant activity and also shows promise in antitumor and neuropathic pain relief. It facilitates cancer cell apoptosis through modulation of the ERK signaling pathway and interaction with cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1). This compound is valuable for research in mental health disorders, oncology, and pain management. -
Stable Isotope
D-Mannitol-13C,d2 is a stable isotope-labeled form of D-Mannitol, which serves as an osmotic diuretic and explores its role in cellular osmoregulation. D-Mannitol is utilized in various research applications, including the study of calcium and magnesium absorption, as well as promoting brown adipose tissue formation through the activation of β3-adrenergic receptors. It is also valuable in plant cell culture, helping maintain osmotic balance and protecting cells, particularly when cell walls are compromised. This reagent is essential for researchers investigating metabolic pathways, therapeutic interventions, and plant physiology. -
Formoterol Enantiomer
(S,S)-Formoterol is the (S,S)-enantiomer of Formoterol, primarily targeting beta-2 adrenergic receptors. This compound has been shown to enhance IL-4 production in mast cells, contributing to inflammatory responses associated with asthma. Its activities make it valuable for research in respiratory pharmacology and the study of asthma pathophysiology. -
Stable Isotope
Promethazine-d4 hydrochloride is a deuterated form of Promethazine hydrochloride, a first-generation antihistamine that primarily functions as a strong antagonist of the H1 receptor. It also exhibits moderate antagonistic activity at mACh receptors, alongside a moderate affinity for 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, D2, and α1-adrenergic receptors. This stable isotope is useful for tracing studies, pharmacokinetic research, and metabolite identification in biological samples. -
α1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist
Atiprosine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.11. In addition to its primary action, Atiprosine also exhibits antagonistic activity against α2-adrenergic receptors, 5-HT₂ receptors, and H₁ receptors, with pA2 values of 6.04, 6.87, and 7.32, respectively. This compound demonstrates antihypertensive and hypotensive effects in preclinical studies involving rats, dogs, and monkeys. Atiprosine is applicable in research focused on cardiovascular and mental health disorders. -
H2 Histamine Receptors/ α2-AR/5-HT2(B,C) Serotonin Receptors Ligand
Platelet aggregation-IN-3 is a ligand for H2 histamine receptors, α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-AR), and 5-HT2(B,C) serotonin receptors. This compound effectively inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen and modulates tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA). Platelet aggregation-IN-3 shows potential for applications in antiplatelet therapy for cardiovascular diseases and in the prevention of cancer-related thrombosis and tumor metastasis. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. This compound is primarily employed as a stable isotope for metabolic tracing and pharmacokinetic studies. Salbutamol exhibits significant therapeutic effects by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, making it a valuable tool in research involving asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additionally, it has been identified to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT pathway, highlighting its utility in oncology research. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d9 acetate is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. This compound is primarily utilized as a stable isotope for research applications, specifically in studying its effects on bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and the β2-adrenergic receptor pathways. Salbutamol has also been implicated in promoting tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling cascade, making it relevant for cancer research as well as respiratory studies. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d9 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is primarily utilized as a stable isotope in biological research, allowing for the precise tracking of Salbutamol's pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Salbutamol is known for its ability to relax bronchial smooth muscle and is widely studied in the context of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as its role in promoting tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling pathway. -
Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Salbutamol adipate is an orally active short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is known to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT pathway. Additionally, Salbutamol adipate is effective in relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, making it a valuable tool for researching bronchospasm associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d4 is a deuterated form of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist Salbutamol, designed for stable isotope applications in biochemical research. This compound has been shown to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling pathway. In addition, Salbutamol-d4 is utilized in studies investigating bronchospasms associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allowing for precise tracking of biological processes and metabolic pathways. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d4 is a deuterated derivative of Carvedilol, a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value of 5 μM. Carvedilol acts as a multifaceted antihypertensive agent, demonstrating potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions such as angina and congestive heart failure. Additionally, it has been identified as an autophagy inducer and a modulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it a valuable tool for research into cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. -
Dopamine Receptors Blocker
Trifluoperazine dimaleate is a potent dopamine receptor blocker, primarily indicated for research into antipsychotic mechanisms. This compound exhibits significant α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism and serves as an inhibitor of NUPR1, highlighting its potential anticancer properties. Additionally, trifluoperazine dimaleate functions as a calmodulin inhibitor and inhibits P-glycoprotein activity. Its versatile applications extend to studying schizophrenia and the reversible inhibition of influenza virus morphogenesis. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d3 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Carvedilol, functioning primarily as a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor blocker. It exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 5 μM. This compound serves as a versatile antihypertensive agent and has potential applications in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. Furthermore, Carvedilol-d3 promotes autophagy and is known to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it valuable for research involving inflammatory processes. -
Stable Isotope
Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride is a deuterated derivative of Trifluoperazine, primarily targeting dopamine receptors to exert its antipsychotic effects. This compound is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist and an effective inhibitor of NUPR1, showcasing anticancer properties. Additionally, it functions as a calmodulin inhibitor and can interfere with P-glycoprotein activity. Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride is valuable for research applications related to schizophrenia and serves as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d5 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Carvedilol, a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor blocker. It exhibits lipid peroxidation inhibition with an IC50 of 5 μM and serves as a versatile antihypertensive agent, showing potential in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. Additionally, Carvedilol functions as an autophagy inducer and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it relevant for research in inflammatory pathways and cardiovascular health. -
Stable Isotope
Dronedarone-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Dronedarone, serving as a stable isotope for research applications. This compound functions primarily as a class III antiarrhythmic agent, effective in the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone-d6 hydrochloride exhibits potent blockade of various ion currents, including potassium, sodium, and L-type calcium currents, and also demonstrates antiadrenergic activity through noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Additionally, it acts as a substrate and moderate inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme, making it valuable for pharmacokinetic studies.
