Drug Metabolite

SMND-309 is a metabolite of salvianolic acid B, and exhibits neuroprotective effects in cultured neurons and in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion rats.

Berberrubine chloride is an active metabolite of berberine, attenuates ulcerative colitis in mice model.

α-Hydroxytamoxifen is a metabolite of tamoxifen, reacts with DNA in the absence of metabolizing enzymes, and causes formation of DNA adducts.

Desbutyl Lumefantrine D9 is the deuterium labeled euterium labeled, which is a metabolite of Lumefantrine.

Imidacloprid-urea with a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite, is the primary imidacloprid soil metabolite, whereas imidacloprid-olefin is the main plant-relevant metabolite and is more toxic to insects than imidacloprid.

Cyhalofop(Cyhalofop acid) is a recently registered herbicide from the aryloxyphenoxy propionate group in India to control a wide range of grass weed species at various growth stages in rice crop.

Vanilpyruvic acid is a catecholamine metabolite and precursor to vanillactic acid.

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid is a key metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides. This compound has been shown to induce immunotoxicity and oxidative stress, while also inhibiting the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Its biological activities make it a pertinent tool for research into the immunological effects of pesticide metabolites.

p,p'-DDD (4,4'-DDD) is an organochlorine insecticide and a significant metabolite of p,p'-DDT, functioning primarily as an agonist of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). This compound has been shown to increase DNA damage, promote apoptosis, and induce necrosis in peripheral blood cells. Additionally, p,p'-DDD stimulates cell proliferation in SKBR3 breast cancer cells and activates the AP-1 transcription factor. Research also indicates that it can reduce sleep durations induced by barbiturates and steroids in rodent models.

OR-1855 is an active metabolite of Levosimendan that primarily targets myometrial contractility. It demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting IL-1β-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent superoxide radical generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, OR-1855 suppresses IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of key signaling molecules, including p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, c-Jun, and JNK. This compound is valuable for research focused on inflammation and related biological processes.

3-O-Methyltolcapone-d4 is a deuterium-labeled metabolite of Tolcapone, which serves as a selective and potent inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) with an IC50 of 773 nM. This compound is utilized in research focused on cancer and neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and neuroblastoma, due to its ability to inhibit α-synuclein and Aβ42 oligomerization, promote oxidative stress, and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. 3-O-Methyltolcapone-d4 provides a valuable tool for studying the metabolic pathways of Tolcapone and its therapeutic implications.

Tolcapone 3-β-D-glucuronide is a drug metabolite derived from Tolcapone, which serves as a selective and potent inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). While Tolcapone exhibits notable pharmacological activity, Tolcapone 3-β-D-glucuronide itself is pharmacologically inactive. Research indicates that Tolcapone plays a role in inhibiting α-synuclein and Aβ42 oligomerization, contributing to oxidative stress, cancer cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This metabolite is valuable for investigations into cancer mechanisms and neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and neuroblastoma.

Cyslopentenyl cytosine triphosphoric is a bioactive metabolite of the nucleoside analogue cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) that primarily targets CTP synthetase. This compound effectively inhibits CTP synthetase activity, leading to a depletion of cytidine nucleotide pools. Cyslopentenyl cytosine triphosphoric is essential for research into cancer biology, particularly in the study of leukemia and other related malignancies.

3-O-Methyldopa is a metabolite of L-DOPA that can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. This compound has been shown to inhibit the astrocyte-mediated protective effects of L-DOPA on dopaminergic neurons, offering insights into its role in neurobiology. Additionally, 3-O-Methyldopa exhibits antidepressant and neuroprotective properties, making it a valuable tool for research into nervous system disorders, including depression and Parkinson's disease.

Regorafénib N-oxyde (M2) is an active metabolite of Regorafenib, functioning as a multi-target inhibitor. It effectively targets VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET, and Raf-1, exhibiting IC50 values of 13, 4.2, 46, 22, 7, 1.5, and 2.5 nM, respectively. This compound is essential for studies involving cancer research and drug metabolism, providing insights into the pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of Regorafenib.

α-Hydroxy etizolam is the primary metabolite of Etizolam, exhibiting a similar pharmacological profile and high affinity for benzodiazepine receptors. This compound plays a significant role in understanding the metabolic pathways and effects of Etizolam in biological systems. It is utilized in biochemical research to investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics associated with anxiolytic and sedative activities.

3-Hydroxyflunitrazepam is the principal metabolite of Flunitrazepam, formed through 3-hydroxylation by the enzyme CYP3A4. This metabolite constitutes over 80% of Flunitrazepam's metabolic pathway in liver microsomes, highlighting its relevance in pharmacokinetics. The formation of 3-Hydroxyflunitrazepam is significantly inhibited by CYP3A4 inhibitors such as Ketoconazole and Ritonavir, suggesting crucial implications for drug-drug interactions in therapeutic applications and metabolic studies.

Piribedil N-oxide is a metabolite of the dopamine receptor agonist Piribedil, primarily functioning as a drug metabolite. This compound retains the ability to interact with dopamine receptors, contributing to studies on dopamine signaling pathways and pharmacokinetics. Its characterization is essential for understanding the metabolic fate of Piribedil and its potential implications in neurological research and therapeutic applications.

4-Hydroxy omeprazole sulfide is a key metabolite of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, primarily involved in modifying gastric acid secretion. This compound serves as a valuable tool in pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of omeprazole and its effects on gastric mucosa. Its biological activity is significant for understanding drug metabolism and potential drug interactions in gastrointestinal research.

4β-Hydroxycholesterol is a significant metabolite of cholesterol, functioning as a precursor in the biosynthesis of bile acids. This compound is present in human circulation and plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism and regulation. Its measurement can be utilized in research studies focusing on lipid metabolism, liver function, and related disorders.

Narcotoline is a phenylpyridine isoquinoline alkaloid that serves as a drug metabolite in the biosynthetic pathway of Noscapine. This compound is valuable for investigating the metabolic regulatory mechanisms associated with Noscapine, providing insights into its pharmacokinetics and biological activity. Researchers may utilize Narcotoline to explore the implications of Noscapine metabolism in various biological systems and applications.

13,14-Dihydro-19(R)-hydroxy prostaglandin E1 is a theoretical metabolite formed from 13,14-dihydro PGE1 through the action of ω-1 hydroxylase. This compound is utilized in research to explore the metabolic pathways of prostaglandins and their biological functions. Its study contributes to the understanding of the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of therapeutic agents derived from prostaglandins and their potential implications in drug metabolism.

15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol-13C17 is a stable isotope-labeled form of 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol, a potent trichothecene toxin primarily found in cereals. This compound acts as a drug metabolite and has demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cells. It serves as a valuable tool for studying the metabolism and toxicological impact of trichothecenes in various biological systems.

10-Undecen-1-ol is a drug metabolite derived from ricinoleic acid, serving as a valuable comonomer for the synthesis of functionalized polymers. This compound plays an essential role in the design of novel materials and biochemical applications, enabling the incorporation of various functional groups to enhance material properties. Its utility in chemical research positions it as a key reagent for studies involving drug metabolism and polymer chemistry.

3-Amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) is a metabolite of the antibiotic furazolidone. It serves as a reliable biomarker for detecting furazolidone residues in biological matrices, facilitating studies on drug metabolism and elimination. Due to its oral bioavailability, AOZ plays a significant role in pharmacokinetic and toxicological research applications, particularly in food safety and veterinary medicine.

3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid is a drug metabolite produced during the metabolism of dimethylbenzoate by Rhodococcus rhodochrous N75. This compound serves as a significant marker in studies of biotransformation processes and can be utilized in the investigation of microbial metabolism. Its biological activity is pertinent for research applications in pharmacology and environmental microbiology, particularly in understanding the degradation pathways of aromatic compounds.

Vanillylmandelic acid is a metabolic end product of epinephrine and norepinephrine, serving as a valuable indicator of neurotransmitter metabolism disorders. This compound exhibits significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 33 μM. It is utilized in various research applications related to oxidative stress and neurotransmitter dynamics.