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DHFR inhibitor
Pemetrexed disodium is chemically similar to folic acid and is in the class of chemotherapy drugs called folate antimetabolites. It works by inhibiting three enzymes used in purine and pyrimidine synthesis?€?thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.- Adi Jacob Berger, .et al. , Nat Cancer, 2021, 2, 1055-1070 PMID: 35121883
- TH-302 is a selectively targeting hypoxic regions of solid tumors hypoxia-activated prodrug.
- Anirudh Sattiraju, .et al. , Immunity, 2023, Aug 8;56(8):1825-1843 PMID: 37451265
- Anirudh Sattiraju, .et al. , bioRxiv, 2022, March 04
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LXR/FXR agonist
T0901317 is a potent and selective agonist for LXR and FXR, with EC50s of 50 nM and 5 μM, respectively- Asmaa R. Abdel-Hamed, .et al. , J Med Chem Sci, 2023, 6: 250-268
- A O Hamouda, .et al. , Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2022, Dec;26(23):8644-8659 PMID: 36524484
- Tian Yongsong, .et al. , J Labelled Comp Radiopharm, 2022, Feb;65(2):36-44 PMID: 34957593
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Phospholipase C inhibitor
U 73122 is a phospholipase C inhibitor. It inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 1-5 uM.- Atsuko Yoneda, .et al. , Exp Cell Res, 2026, Feb 1;455(1):114857 PMID: 41391593
- Ke Qian, .et al. , EBioMedicine, 2023, Dec:98:104863 PMID: 37950995
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HO-1 inhibitor
Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is a competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2.- Beixian Zhou, .et al. , MedComm, 2024, Apr 12;5(4):e531 PMID: 38617435
- ASP9521 is a novel, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of 17??-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17bHSD5, AKR1C3).
- Belen Crespo, .et al. , Int J Mol Sci, 2024, Jan 25;25(3):1471 PMID: 38338747
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PDE inhibitor
Roflumilast acts as a selective, long-acting inhibitor of the enzyme PDE-4.- Bo Liao, .et al. , Exp Ther Med, 2023, May 9;25(6):302 PMID: 37229319
- Zhongyuan Zhang, .et al. , Exp Ther Med, 2021, Dec;22(6):1398 PMID: 34650646
- Bing Zhong, .et al. , ACS Omega, 2021, Jan 26; 6(3): 2149-2155 PMID: 33521454
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HSP90 Inhibitor
AT13387 is a targeted inhibitor of Hsp90,inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival.- Boucherat O, .et al. , Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, Jul 1;198(1):90-103 PMID: 29394093
- Olivier Boucherat, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 4546 PMID: 28674407
- Hiroki Murano, .et al. , Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2017, 11:107-113
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PPAR agonist
Rosiglitazone maleate, an antidiabetic drug, works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin.- Camilla Bean, .et al. , Nat Metab, 2021, Dec;3(12):1633-1647 PMID: 34873337
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FXR agonist
Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist.- Caroline Klindt, .et al. , Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2024, Oct 1 PMID: 39350733
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ferroptosis inhibitor
Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) is a potent and selective inhibitor of ferroptosis with EC50 of 60 nM.- Cheng Chen, .et al. , Neurochem Res, 2025, Mar 18;50(2):122 PMID: 40100474
- Yin-Yin Wang, .et al. , Bioorg Chem, 2025, May:158:108342 PMID: 40058224
- Filiz Bakar-Ates, .et al. , Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2024, Oct 11 PMID: 39392483
- Rushikesh Deshpande, .et al. , Int J Mol Sci, 2024, Jan 18;25(2):1157 PMID: 38256231
- Huan Yang, .et al. , Theriogenology, 2024, Feb:215:281-289 PMID: 38103405
- Filiz Bakar-Ates, .et al. , Toxicol In Vitro, 2024, Feb:94:105732 PMID: 37956772
- Binjie Yan, .et al. , Cell Death Discov, 2023, 9: 456 PMID: 38097554
- Panpan Tai, .et al. , J Transl Med, 2023, Nov 17;21(1):823 PMID: 37978379
- Chengzhu Song, .et al. , Food Funct, 2023, Jan 23;14(2):1087-1098 PMID: 36594456
- Erva Ozkan, .et al. , Life Sci, 2023, Jan 1;312:121222 PMID: 36442526
- Xueyan Zhang, .et al. , DNA Cell Biol, 2022, Aug;41(8):705-715 PMID: 35687364
- A Xavier, .et al. , Cell Rep, 2020, May 19;31(7):107667 PMID: 32433976
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IDO inhibitor
Epacadostat is a potent and selective indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM, Phase 2,- Chunbo He, .et al. , Cancer Discov, 2024, Jan 12;14(1):176-193 PMID: 37931287
- Saeko Yoshioka, .et al. , Int J Tryptophan Res, 2022, Nov 30;15 PMID: 36467776
- Marta Galan-Diez, .et al. , Cancer Discov, 2022, Apr 1;12(4):1106-1127 PMID: 35046097
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Iron chelator
Deferasirox is a rationally-designed oral iron chelator, also a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer, Cytochrome P450 2C8 inhibitor, and Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor.- Céline Moison, .et al. , Sci Adv, 2024, Mar 22;10(12):eadl4018 PMID: 38517966
- Jamie L. Dombach, .et al. , PLoS Pathog, 2020, Dec; 16(12): e1009119 PMID: 33290418
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Antagonist of IAPs inhibitor
LCL161 is an orally bioavailable second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetic and inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity.- Da-Hye Jeong, .et al. , Adv Sci (Weinh), 2025, Apr;12(13):e2412393 PMID: 39921454
- Oliver H, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2023, 66, 16, 11216-11236 PMID: 37535857
- Bopei Cui, .et al. , Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, Sep 25;8(1):366 PMID: 37743418
- Han-Hee Park, .et al. , Mol Cancer, 2021, Aug 21;20(1):107 PMID: 34419074
- Se-Yeon Park, .et al. , Cell Death & Disease, 2020, 11:744 PMID: 32917855
- J Chen, .et al. , JBC, 2019, June PMID: 31217278
- Choi SW, .et al. , Mol Cell, 2018, Jun 7;70(5):920-935.e7 PMID: 29883609
- Han-Hee Park, .et al. , Exp Mol Med, 2018, Sep; 50(9): 125 PMID: 30237400
- Gi-Bang Koo, .et al. , Cell Res, 2015, Jun; 25(6): 707-725 PMID: 25952668
- Kim SK, .et al. , J Invest Dermatol, 2015, Aug;135(8):2021-2030 PMID: 25748555
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HDAC inhibitor
Valproic acid is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2; Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.- Dan Zhao, .et al. , Poult Sci, 2022, Mar; 101(3): 101642 PMID: 35016046
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Factor Xa inhibitor
Apixaban is an anticoagulant for the prevention of venous thromboembolism and venous thromboembolic events.- Daniël Verhoef, .et al. , Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 528 PMID: 28904343
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Factor Xa inhibitor
Edoxaban is a selective factor Xa inhibitor with Ki of 0.561 nM- Daniël Verhoef, .et al. , Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 528 PMID: 28904343
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PLA inhibitor
Polydatin protects cerebral cells from ischemic damages via improvement of microcirculation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. In addition, polydatin inhibits ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide; it also attenuates adhesion between white blood cells and endothelial cells.- Darshika Pathiraja, .et al. , Food Chem, 2023, May 1;407:135145 PMID: 36521391
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IDH1 inhibitor
DH1 Inhibitor 2 is a potent IDH1 inhibitor via a direct covalent modification of His315, with an IC50 of 110 nM.- Derek Dang, .et al. , Cancer Cell, 2025, Jun 9;43(6):1159-1174 PMID: 40378837
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Hsp90 inhibitor
Ganetespib is a potent, synthetic, small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, a chaperone protein that is essential to the function of certain other proteins that drive the growth, proliferation, and survival of many different types of cancer.- Dilay Karademir, .et al. , Med Oncol, 2023, Jul 11;40(8):234 PMID: 37432531
- Tung-Yun Wu, .et al. , J Adv Res, 2022, Jun 22;S2090-1232(22)00148-5 PMID: 35752438
- Aykut Ozgur, .et al. , J Chemother, 2021, Apr 2;1-10 PMID: 33794753
- Michael Heider, .et al. , Mol Cell, 2021, Mar 18;81(6):1170-1186 PMID: 33571422
- Kosinsky RL, .et al. , Cell Death Dis, 2019, Dec 4;10(12):911 PMID: 31801945
- Yamada-Kanazawa S, .et al. , Br J Dermatol, 2017, Aug;177(2):456-469 PMID: 28078663
- Hiroki Murano, .et al. , Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2017, 11:107-113
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FXR agonist
WAY-362450 is a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (EC50: 4 nM, eff=149%).
- Dong-Hyun Kim, .et al. , Cell Death Dis, 2021, Apr; 12(4): 320 PMID: 33767132
- Dong-Hyun Kim, .et al. , FASEB J, 2019, Jul 12:fj201900325R PMID: 31298930
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FXR agonist
GW4064 is a selective, non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (EC50 = 15 nM).- Dong-Hyun Kim, .et al. , Cell Death Dis, 2021, Apr; 12(4): 320 PMID: 33767132
- Takae K, .et al. , J Reprod Dev, 2018, Nov 16 PMID: 30449821
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Tph1 inhibitor
LP-533401 is a small molecule inhibitor of Tph1.- Dongna Li, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2024, Aug 2;14(1):17951 PMID: 39095450
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Ferroptosis inhibitor
RSL3 is a ferroptosis activator in a VDAC-independent manner,exhibiting selectivity for tumor cells bearing oncogenic RAS.- Duo Shi, .et al. , Antioxid Redox Signal, 2025, Sep 30 PMID: 41027674
- Cheng Chen, .et al. , Neurochem Res, 2025, Mar 18;50(2):122 PMID: 40100474
- Xiaona Cao, .et al. , J Nanobiotechnology, 2025, Feb 24;23(1):136 PMID: 39994619
- Naoya Yamada, .et al. , Nat Commun, 2024, 15:2195 PMID: 38472233
- Ning Li, .et al. , J Ovarian Res, 2024, Feb 23;17(1):49 PMID: 38396022
- Yuki Kojima, .et al. , Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023, Nov 10
- Qingyu Zhang, .et al. , Cell Death Discov, 2023, Mar 8;9(1):83 PMID: 36882396
- Sampilvanjil A, .et al. , Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2020, Mar 1;318(3):H508-H518 PMID: 31975626
- Fujiki K, .et al. , Cell Death Differ, 2019, Feb 25 PMID: 30804470
- Samantha W. Alvarez, .et al. , Nature, 2017, Nov 30; 551(7682): 639-643 PMID: 29168506
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ACE inhibitor
Zofenopril calcium is an angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE inhibitor.- E Saman, .et al. , Physiol Res, 2025, Dec 31;74(Suppl 2):S231-S244 PMID: 41532630
- Sona Cacanyiova, .et al. , Biol Res, 2023, Oct 25;56(1):55 PMID: 37875978
- Tomas Jasenovec, .et al. , Biomedicines, 2021, Dec 14;9(12):1902 PMID: 34944718
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SGK1 inhibitor
GSK 650394 is a glucocorticoid- and serum-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibitor which displays antiproliferative properties against the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line.- Elif HAZNEDAROGLU BENLIOGLU, .et al. , International Journal of Hematology and Oncology, 2023, 1(33): 37-44
- Qui-Dong Le, .et al. , Arab J Chem, 2022, 16(2):104462
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Punicalagin is an ellagitannin, a type of phenolic compounds. It is a highly active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.- Elizabeth Read, .et al. , ANIM FEED SCI TECH, 2019, May, 251(187-197)
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PDE-4 inhibitor
Cilomilast is orally active and acts as a selective Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor with antiinflammatory effects that target bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling associated with COPD.- Esraa M Mosalam, .et al. , Int J Mol Sci, 2025, Mar 28;26(7):3108 PMID: 40243772
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PDE Inhibitor
Ibudilast, a pharmacologic phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prevents human immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat-Mediated activation of microglial cells.- Gadah Ali Alshahrany, .et al. , Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2026, Jun 28;19(7):1004 PMID: 42515688
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PPARγ agonist
Troglitazone is a selective PPARγ receptor agonist (EC50 values are 780 and 555 nM at murine and human PPARγ receptors respectively).- Gede Ngurah Rsi Suwardana, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2025, Aug 30:243:106267 PMID: 40889532
- Julien Allard, .et al. , Cell Biol Toxicol, 2020, Jun 14 PMID: 32535746
- 3-Methyluridine is a modified nucleoside of cellular RNA.
- Gefei Huang, .et al. , Talanta, 2023, Oct 1;263:124697 PMID: 37262985
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Cathepsin S inhibitor
Z-FL-COCHO (LY3000328) is a novel Cathepsin S inhibitor.
- Gil-Im Mun, .et al. , Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2024, Sep 25;1871(1):167523 PMID: 39332782
- Fu R, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2020, Jan 29;10(1):1455 PMID: 31996771
- Klinngam W, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2019, Jul 2;9(1):9559 PMID: 31267034
- Chen CY, .et al. , Clin Sci (Lond), 2018, Oct 29;132(20):2221-2239 PMID: 30287519
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Hsp90/SRC/COX-2 Inhibitor
Radicicol is a potent inhibitor of Hsp90, SRC, and Cox-2- Guangsen Li, .et al. , Pharm Biol, 2023, 61(1): 271-280 PMID: 36655371
- Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is the theoretical cyclooxygenase metabolite of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), but it is virtually undetectable in the plasma of normal humans or other animals. The IC50 of PGE1 for the inhibition of ADP-induced human platelet aggregation is 40 nM.
- Hang Dong, .et al. , Int J Nanomedicine, 2023, 18: 3577-3593 PMID: 37409026
- Baharak Bahmani, .et al. , Nat Commun, 2021, Mar 31;12(1):1999 PMID: 33790276
- FP-Biotin is a biotinylated organophosphorus agent. It could be useful for identifying proteins that react with organophosphorus toxicants (OP).
- Hannah L. Scheaffer,, .et al. , ACS Omega, 2020, Nov 17; 5(45): 2917-29188 PMID: 33225149
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HSP27 inhibitor
HSP27 inhibitor J2 (J2) is a HSP27 inhibitor, which significantly induces abnormal HSP27 dimer formation and inhibits a production of HSP27 giant polymers, thereby having an effect of inhibiting a chaperone function of the HSP27 and reducing a cell protection function thereof.- Haruka Wakasa, .et al. , J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2022, Jun;27(2):155-170 PMID: 35581442
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Hsp90 inhibitor
PF-04929113 (SNX-5422) is orally bioavailable heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor.- Henry Aceros, .et al. , Life Sci, 2019, 2019 PMID: 30986447
- Hiroki Murano, .et al. , Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2017, 11:107-113
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HIF-PH inhibitor
DMOG is a cell permeable, competitive inhibitor of HIF-PH. It acts to stabilize HIF-1α expression at normal oxygen tensions in cultured cells, at concentrations between 0.1 and 1 mM.- Hideaki Nakamura, .et al. , PLoS One, 2018, 13(2): e0192136 PMID: 29466367
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HSP90 Inhibitor
NVP-BEP800 is a novel, fully synthetic, orally bioavailable inhibitor that binds to the NH2-terminal ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90.- Hiroki Murano, .et al. , Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2017, 11:107-113
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (IC50 = 154 nM) that is effective in treating hypercholesterolemia and certain dyslipidemias.- Huang Y, .et al. , Mol Med Rep, 2016, Feb;13(2):1888-94 PMID: 26707502
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Steroid Hormone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone is an endogenous progestogen as well as chemical intermediate in the biosynthesis of other steroid hormones, including the corticosteroids and the androgens and the estrogens.- Huo, G, .et al. , Appl. Phys. A, 2020, 126, 111
- Zhang J, .et al. , 3 Biotech, 2020, Feb;10(2):35 PMID: 31988829
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STAT inhibitor
Fludarabine or fludarabine phosphate (Fludara) is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies (cancers of blood cells such as leukemias and lymphomas) .Fludarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by interfering with ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase. It is active against both dividing and resting cells.- Irene Dell'Anno, .et al. , Invest New Drugs, 2020, Dec 9 PMID: 33300108
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cytochrome P4503A4 inhibitor
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.- Isabelle Bonnet, .et al. , Microbiol Spectr, 2026, Apr 7;14(5):e03805-25 PMID: 41944630
- Reiko Watanabe, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2021, Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738 PMID: 33619967
- Takashi Azuma, .et al. , SEP PURIF TECHNOL, 2019, Apr; 212: 483-489
- Azuma T, .et al. , Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017, Aug;24(23):19021-19030 PMID: 28660504
- Azuma T, .et al. , Sci Total Environ, 2016, Apr 1;548-549:189-197 PMID: 26802347
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CETP inhibitor
Evacetrapib (LY2484595) is a potent and selective inhibitor of CETP with IC50 of 5.5 nM, elevates HDL cholesterol without increases in aldosterone or blood pressure. Phase 3.- Jasmine Phénix, .et al. , Front Pharmacol, 2023, Jul 18:14:1171937 PMID: 37533630
- Phenix J, .et al. , bioRxiv, 2023, Feb 22
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oxidative phosphorylation blocker
Imeglimin is the first in a new tetrahydrotriazine-containing class of oral antidiabetic agents, the glimins. It has been shown to act on the liver, muscle and pancreatic ??-cells to uniquely target the key defects of type 2 diabetes.- Ji Yeon Lee, .et al. , J Pharmacol Sci, 2024, Jun;155(2):35-43 PMID: 38677784
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DBH inhibitor
Nepicastat hydrochloride is an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.
- Jianxia Sun, .et al. , Respir Res, 2024, Sep 28;25(1):347 PMID: 39342317
- Melina C Acosta, .et al. , Behav Brain Res, 2024, Jun 17:471:115116 PMID: 38897419
- Melina C Acosta, .et al. , Horm Behav, 2022, Jan;137:105086 PMID: 34808463
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DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent.It hypomethylates DNA by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase.- Jiawei Du, .et al. , Neural Regeneration Research, 2026, April 14 PMID: 41975603
- Tianxing Ying, .et al. , Cancers (Basel), 2022, Dec 30;15(1):243 PMID: 36612238
- Borbala Szabo, .et al. , J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2022, Sep 5;dgac496 PMID: 36059148
- Sangni Qian, .et al. , Clin Epigenetics, 2022, Sep 5;14(1):111 PMID: 36064442
- Borbála Szabó, .et al. , J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, Jun 1;105(6):dgaa156 PMID: 32232382
- Bracha Shraibman, .et al. , Mol Cell Proteomics, 2016, Sep; 15(9): 3058-3070 PMID: 27412690

