Chloride Channels

Shikonin is a potent inhibitor of the TMEM16A chloride channel, exhibiting an IC50 value of 6.5 μM. This compound functions as a specific inhibitor of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and also modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting TNF-α and NF-κB activation. In addition, Shikonin decreases exosome secretion by impairing glycolytic processes and effectively inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation. Its diverse activities make it a valuable reagent for investigating cellular signaling and inflammatory responses in research applications.

H100 is a Cl- transport inhibitor, with partial effects against both the NaK2Cl cotransporter and the Band 3 anion exchanger, but no effect against KCl cotransporter, in human erythrocytes.

PPQ-102 is a compound that targets intracellular nucleotide binding domain(s) of CFTR and inhibits CFTR- mediated chloride current in a voltage-dependent and reversible manner.

Flufenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Inhibits calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs). Also increases currents through TRPC6 channels and inhibits currents through TRPC3 and TRPC7 channels.

NS1652 is a reversible anion conductance inhibitor, blocks chloride channel, with an IC50 of 1.6 μM in human and mouse red blood cells.

Endovion (NS3728) is a pharmacological anion channel inhibitor (like chloride channel) and the specific VRAC/VSOAC blocker. Endovion (NS3728) is also an Anoctamin-1 (ANO 1) channel inhibitor.

DCPIB is a selective, reversible and potent inhibitor of volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC), voltage-dependently activates potassium channels TREK1 and TRAAK, inhibits TRESK, TASK1 and TASK3 (IC50s, 0.14, 0.95, 50.72 μM, respectively).

CaCCinh-A01 inhibits CaCC currents in human bronchial and intestinal cells. Also inhibits TMEM16A channels (IC50 = 2.1 uM, in TMEM16A-expressing FRT cells).

T16Ainh-A01 is a selective TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel inhibitor that strongly inhibits chloride current in salivary gland cells.

Milbemycin oxime is an orally active macrolide that serves as a potent inhibitor of parasite activity. This compound, a mixture of oxime derivatives related to milbemycin A4 and A3, selectively binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels, leading to paralysis and death of various intestinal nematodes and lung/heart worms. It is widely utilized in research focused on antiparasitic drug development and mechanisms of parasitic resistance.

Kobusin is a bisepoxylignan that functions as a calmodulin inhibitor. It is known to activate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCC) while inhibiting the ANO1/ CaCC channel. This compound is valuable for research applications aimed at understanding calcium signaling and chloride transport mechanisms in various biological systems.

R(+)-Methylindazone is a potent inhibitor of epithelial chloride channels. This compound effectively disrupts the interaction between Nef and the single-domain antibody Nef-sdAb19, demonstrating its ability to influence chloride channel activity. R(+)-Methylindazone is valuable for research exploring chloride channel regulation and the role of Nef in various biological processes.

Ani9 is a selective inhibitor of the ANO1 chloride channel, exhibiting an IC50 of 77 nM. This compound effectively modulates smooth muscle contractions in murine models, making it a valuable tool for research on pathophysiological conditions such as tumors. Its inhibitory effects on chloride channels propose potential applications in studies targeting gastrointestinal disorders and related diseases.

DFBTA is a potent inhibitor of ANO1 (anoctamin-1), a calcium-activated chloride channel, with an IC50 of 24 nM. This compound exhibits analgesic properties and demonstrates efficacy in models of inflammatory pain. It is a valuable reagent for research in pain pathways and the pharmacological modulation of ion channels.

NMD670 is an orally active inhibitor of the skeletal muscle chloride channel ClC-1, exhibiting an EC50 of 1.6 μM. This compound enhances neuromuscular transmission and contributes to improvements in muscle contraction and strength. NMD670 is valuable for research applications focused on muscle weakness and fatigue.

MONNA is a potent inhibitor of the transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A, Anoctamin-1) with an IC50 of 80 nM. It effectively induces vasorelaxation in rodent resistance arteries, demonstrating its ability to modulate vascular tone regardless of chloride ion presence. This compound is valuable for research focused on chloride channel functions and their roles in cardiovascular physiology.

ANO1-IN-4 is a reversible inhibitor of the calcium-activated chloride channel transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A, also known as ANO1), exhibiting an IC50 of 0.030 µM. This compound demonstrates favorable metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes, making it suitable for in vivo applications. ANO1-IN-4 effectively inhibits spontaneous contractions in mouse isolated ileum, indicating its potential for studies related to gastrointestinal motility and related disorders.

T16A(inh)-C01 is a potent inhibitor of the TMEM16A (ANO1) chloride channel. It effectively blocks chloride ion transport mediated by ANO1 with an IC50 of 8.4 μM, while maintaining normal calcium signaling pathways. This compound is valuable for studying the physiological roles of TMEM16A in various cellular processes and examining its potential relevance in disease models.

OADS is a selective inhibitor of the chloride channel antiporter ClC-ec1, exhibiting an IC50 value of 29 μM. This compound specifically interferes with the ClC-ec1 antiporter pathway, while showing no inhibitory effects on the ClC-1 channel. OADS is utilized in research related to osteoporosis, as well as various neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, facilitating the study of these critical health conditions.

NS3736 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of chloride channels, specifically targeting the CIC-7 channel in osteocytes. This compound effectively blocks osteoclast acidification and resorption in vitro, exhibiting an IC50 of 30 μM. In preclinical studies using a rat model of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis, NS3736 has demonstrated the ability to enhance bone strength and increase bone density, making it a valuable tool for researching osteoporosis.

Leptophos oxon is a potent GABAA receptor chloride channel inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 value of 89.6 μM. This compound effectively inhibits GABA-induced chloride influx through binding to the TBPS sites associated with GABAA receptors, as well as inhibiting TBPS binding to voltage-dependent chloride channels. Leptophos oxon is primarily utilized in studies related to neurological diseases and functions as an insecticide, making it relevant for research in both neurobiology and pest management.

NS5818 is a potent chloride channel inhibitor that effectively disrupts acidification and bone resorption processes. Its mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool for studying osteoporosis and associated bone metabolic disorders. Researchers can utilize NS5818 to gain insights into chloride channel functions and their implications in bone health.

Alilusem potassium is a selective chloride channel inhibitor known for its diuretic properties. Studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing free water clearance while enhancing sodium and chloride excretion in urine during water diuresis in anesthetized canine models. Additionally, Alilusem potassium, when administered with Furosemide or Hydrochlorothiazide, further diminished free water clearance. This compound has also been shown to inhibit lumen-positive transepithelial voltage and chloride flux across isolated rabbit cortical thick ascending limbs of Henle, making it a valuable tool for research in renal physiology and electrolyte transport mechanisms.

Nipecotic acid is a potent inhibitor of GABA uptake in neurons and glial cells, significantly impacting GABAergic neurotransmission. This compound has also been shown to directly activate GABAA-like chloride channels, with an effective concentration (EC50) of approximately 300 μM. Its biological activity makes nipecotic acid valuable for research applications focused on GABAergic signaling and associated neurological processes.