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Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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CaMKII Inhibitor
Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, myristoylated is a potent and selective inhibitor of CaMKII, exhibiting an IC50 of 40 nM. This peptide is used in research applications to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. Its myristoylation enhances its membrane permeability, facilitating in vivo studies of CaMKII activity and function in various cellular contexts. -
Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibitor
Sophoflavescenol is a prenylated flavonol that acts as a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, demonstrating potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values of 10.98 μM and 8.21 μM, respectively. Additionally, it shows significant inhibition of other enzymes, including RLAR, HRAR, and BACE1. This compound is primarily utilized in research related to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive function enhancement, making it a valuable reagent for studying cholinergic pathways. -
COX Inhibitor
Aspirin DL-lysine is a lysine-conjugated derivative of aspirin that functions primarily as a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. This compound effectively inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in platelets, leading to a reduction in platelet activation and aggregation. Aspirin DL-lysine is valuable for research applications focused on thrombin generation, particularly in clinical studies involving unstable angina pectoris. -
p38α MAPK/BChE Inhibitor
ARRY-371797 is a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor of p38α MAPK and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), demonstrating IC50 values of 12.0 µM for p38α MAPK and 0.13 µM for BChE, with minimal activity against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). This compound shows promise for research applications in Alzheimer’s disease, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation and cholinergic system modulation. -
CaMKK2 Inhibitor
CC-3240 is a highly selective inhibitor of CaMKK2, exhibiting a potent inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 9 nM. This molecular glue degrader, developed from CC-8977, effectively disrupts the function of CaMKK2, making it a valuable tool for investigations into calcium and calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling pathways. CC-3240 is particularly useful in research applications aimed at exploring the role of CaMKK2 in cellular processes and disease states. -
COX-2/Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Polmacoxib is a novel, orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts as a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and carbonic anhydrase, with an IC50 value of approximately 0.1 μg/ml for COX-2. It exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting the growth of colorectal adenomas and tumors in mouse models, making it a promising tool for cancer research. Polmacoxib is valuable for studying the roles of COX-2 and carbonic anhydrase in cancer biology and inflammation. -
AChE/hCA Inhibitor
AChE/hCA I-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases (hCA I and hCA II). It demonstrates potent inhibition with IC50 values of 302 nM for AChE, 265 nM for hCA I, and 283 nM for hCA II. This compound is valuable for research applications exploring neurodegenerative disorders and the regulation of physiological pH balance. -
AChE/hCA Inhibitor
AChE/hCA I/II-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases I and II (hCA I/II), demonstrating IC50 values of 22.21 nM for AChE, and 60.79 nM and 66.64 nM for hCA I and II, respectively. This compound is valuable for research applications related to glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes, providing insights into the modulation of these critical enzymatic targets. -
COX-2 Inhibitor
COX-2-IN-30 is a benzenesulfonamide derivative that functions as a potent selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with an IC50 of 49 nM and also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC50 of 2.4 μM. Additionally, it affects human carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII, displaying nanomolar Ki values. This compound demonstrates significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties while maintaining a favorable gastrointestinal safety profile, making it useful for research in inflammation, pain relief, and related gastrointestinal studies. -
hCA I/II Inhibitor
hCAI/II-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II, exhibiting IC50 values of 37.88 nM and 45.23 nM, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against α-Glycosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values of 48.98 nM and 420.14 nM. This compound is valuable for research applications in various diseases, including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, ulcers, and epilepsy. -
CA/ChE Inhibitor
hCA I-IN-4 is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cholinesterase (ChE), demonstrating potent inhibitory activity against hCA I, hCA II, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with Ki values of 29.94 nM, 17.72 nM, 21.21 nM, and 7.65 nM, respectively. This compound also exhibits cytotoxic effects in BT-549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 16.59 μM. hCA I-IN-4 is valuable for research involving enzyme regulation and cancer therapeutics. -
α-GLY Inhibitor
α-Glycosidase-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of α-glycosidase (α-GLY), exhibiting a potent IC50 of 44.72 nM and a KI of 41.74 nM. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II, as well as acetylcholinesterase, with IC50 values of 104.87 nM, 100.04 nM, and 654.87 nM, respectively. This compound is valuable for research into various conditions, including diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, heart failure, ulcers, and epilepsy. -
hCAI/II Inhibitor
hCAI/II-IN-8 is a hydrazide derivative that serves as a selective inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase isomerases I and II, with IC50 values of 21.35 ± 0.39 nM and 7.12 ± 0.12 nM, respectively. In addition to its primary target, hCAI/II-IN-8 also demonstrates inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), exhibiting IC50 values of 46.27 ± 0.75 nM and 43.38 ± 0.83 nM, respectively. This compound is relevant for studies involving enzyme inhibition and has potential applications in understanding neurodegenerative diseases and carbonic anhydrase-related pathologies. -
AChE/BChE Inhibitor
Coumarin 106 is a dipolar laser dye that serves as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). It exhibits mixed-type inhibition of AChE with a pIC50 of 4.97 and a Ki value of 2.36 μM, while also inhibiting BChE with a slightly lower potency (pIC50 of 4.56). This compound is valuable in studying cholinergic signaling pathways and may aid in the exploration of therapeutic strategies for disorders linked to cholinergic dysfunction. -
AChE/BChE Inhibitor
PE154 is a highly potent fluorescent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with IC50 values of 280 pM and 16 nM, respectively. This compound is effective for visualizing β-amyloid plaques in histochemical analyses, making it a valuable tool in research focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cholinergic system studies. Its high specificity and sensitivity enhance its utility in biochemical assays and pathological examinations. -
AChE Inhibitor
hAChE-IN-6 is a selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 of 0.16 μM. It also inhibits human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) with IC50 values of 0.69 μM and 0.26 μM, respectively. Notably, hAChE-IN-6 inhibits the self-aggregation of tau protein and amyloid beta 1-42, making it a valuable reagent for research into Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. -
AChE/BACE1/GSK3β Inhibitor
AChE/BACE1/GSK3β-IN-1 is a potent triple inhibitor targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). It demonstrates effective inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.0 μM for AChE, 20 μM for BACE1, and 15 μM for GSK3β. With favorable blood-brain barrier penetrability and bioavailability, AChE/BACE1/GSK3β-IN-1 is a valuable tool for research into Alzheimer's disease mechanisms and therapeutics. -
AChE/GSK-3β Inhibitor
ZLWH-23 is a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 0.27 μM and also inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) with an IC50 of 6.78 μM. It exhibits greater selectivity for AChE compared to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and shows preferential inhibition of GSK-3β over a range of multi-kinases. This compound is relevant for research focused on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. -
AChE/GSK-3β Inhibitor
PJ17 is a potent dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), exhibiting IC50 values of 8.84 μM and 4.19 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates a lack of significant neurotoxicity in primary cerebellar granule neuron cultures, making it a promising candidate for neuropharmacological studies. PJ17 serves as a valuable template for the development of multitarget therapeutics and is relevant in research focused on Alzheimer's disease. -
GSK3β Inhibitor
GSK3β-IN-3 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), exhibiting an IC50 of 0.90 μM. It effectively lowers the phosphorylation levels of tau protein in the BR5706 strain and reduces the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates in the CL2006 strain. This compound is essential for research applications focused on Alzheimer's disease (AD), aiding in the understanding of neurodegenerative mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. -
hAChE/hBuChE Inhibitor
hAChE-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE), exhibiting IC50 values of 0.17 μM for both enzymes. In addition, hAChE-IN-5 demonstrates significant GSK3β inhibition with an IC50 of 0.21 μM. This compound is utilized in research focused on tau protein aggregation and Aβ1-42 self-aggregation, effectively preventing Aβ-dependent neurotoxicity. Furthermore, hAChE-IN-5 can cross the blood-brain barrier, showcasing its potential as a multi-targeted agent in the study of Alzheimer's disease. -
AAK1 Inhibitor
SGC-AAK1-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of AP2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1), exhibiting an IC50 of 270 nM and a Ki of 9 nM. In addition to its primary target, SGC-AAK1-1 also strongly inhibits BMP2K. This compound is valuable for research into the Wnt signaling pathway, particularly in studies related to the function and regulation of AAK1. -
COX-2 Inhibitor
APHS is a selective and covalent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that exerts neuroprotective effects. By acetylating serine 516 in the active site of COX-2, APHS effectively inhibits prostaglandin production, which is often upregulated in colorectal cancer. In addition to its role as a COX-2 inhibitor, APHS also co-inhibits the WNT signaling pathway, contributing to its anti-tumor mechanisms. This compound is valuable for research into cancer biology and neuroprotection. -
5-LO/COX-2/DPP-4 Inhibitor
Timosaponin A1 is a natural steroidal saponin that acts as an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with IC50 values of 3.29 µM, 36.43 µM, and 33.25 µM, respectively. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and is relevant for research on conditions such as asthma and diabetes. Its inhibitory effects on key enzymes involved in inflammatory pathways make it a valuable tool for exploring therapeutic strategies in related biological studies. -
ACE Inhibitor
Ovotransferrin (328-332) is an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that demonstrates protective effects on blood pressure, with an IC50 of 20 μM. Additionally, this fragment exhibits activity against Cholinesterase (ChE), highlighting its potential relevance in Alzheimer's disease research. Its dual inhibitory mechanisms make it a valuable tool for studying cardiovascular health and neurodegenerative disorders. -
Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibitor
(-)-Corynoxidine is an acetylcholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 89.0 μM, derived from the aerial parts of Corydalis speciosa. This compound demonstrates antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, making it a valuable tool for research in neurology and antimicrobial studies. -
iNOS/COX-2 Inhibitor
Ermanin is a flavonoid extracted from Tanacetum microphyllum, known for its potent inhibitory effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Its biological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculous, and anti-viral/bacterial properties, making it a valuable reagent in research related to inflammation and infectious diseases. Ermanin is useful for exploring the pathways associated with nitric oxide production and prostaglandin synthesis in various biological contexts. -
COX Inhibitor
α-Spinasterol is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates a range of biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, it can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and has shown potential in improving diabetes in murine models, making it a valuable tool for research in inflammatory disorders and neurological conditions. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Medicagenic acid, a potent bacterial inhibitor derived from the roots of Herniaria glabra, demonstrates significant fungistatic activity against various plant pathogens and human dermatophytes. This compound exhibits low enzyme inhibitory activity, specifically targeting xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterase. Medicagenic acid is valuable for research applications in studying antifungal resistance mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic avenues for dermatological conditions. -
Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Agent/Cholinesterase Inhibitor
2-Hydroxydocosanoic acid is a versatile compound known for its antioxidant properties, inhibition of cholinesterase, and antimicrobial activity. It has shown potential in mitigating oxidative stress, making it relevant for studies focused on neuroprotection and aging. Additionally, its antimicrobial effects support research applications in combating microbial resistance. This compound serves as a valuable tool for exploring mechanisms related to oxidative damage and microbial inhibition. -
COX-1/2 Inhibitor
2-(p-Tolyl)propanoic acid is a selective inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, displaying IC50 values of 38.23 μM and 64.30 μM, respectively. This compound exhibits antimicrobial properties and is relevant for research on bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its mechanism of action positions it as a valuable tool for investigating inflammatory processes and antimicrobial resistance in various biological studies. -
COX1/2 Inhibitor
Indomethacin sodium is a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. This compound demonstrates significant anticancer and anti-infective properties, making it valuable in various biological research applications. Indomethacin sodium is essential for investigating mechanisms related to cancer treatment, inflammation, and viral infections. -
GABA transport system Inhibitor
Arecaidine is a potent inhibitor of the GABA transport system, impacting neurotransmitter uptake and signaling. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of oral mucosal fibroblasts, while also regulating cytokine secretion, specifically increasing IL-6, TGF-β, and TNF-α levels, and altering the expression of PPAR-γ and PCK1. Additionally, Arecaidine inhibits hPAT1-mediated proline uptake, making it a valuable tool for research into neurological diseases and related mechanisms. -
α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibitor
NS-6740 hydrochloride is a potent partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), exhibiting an IC50 of 3 nM. It functions as a modulator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and alters α7 signaling in an ion channel-independent manner, which diminishes synaptic function and promotes receptor desensitization. NS-6740 hydrochloride has been shown to significantly reduce LPS-induced TNF-α release from microglia, making it a valuable tool in the study of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain mechanisms. -
Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor
LH2-051 is a selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.95 μM, effectively blocking DAT-mediated dopamine uptake with an IC50 of 3.0 μM. This compound also promotes the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), enhancing lysosome biogenesis. LH2-051 has demonstrated potential in improving cognitive function in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Presenilin 1 (PS1) mouse models, making it valuable for research focused on Alzheimer’s disease mechanisms and therapies. -
AAK1 Inhibitor
BMT-090605 hydrochloride is a selective inhibitor of the adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1), exhibiting a potent IC50 of 0.6 nM. This compound demonstrates significant antinociceptive activity, making it valuable for neuropathic pain research. Additionally, BMT-090605 hydrochloride inhibits BMP-2-inducible protein kinase (BIKE) and Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), with IC50 values of 45 nM and 60 nM, respectively, supporting its role in diverse biological investigations. -
AAK1 Inhibitor
BMT-090605 is a potent and selective inhibitor of adaptor protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1), featuring an IC50 value of 0.6 nM. This compound exhibits significant antinociceptive activity and also demonstrates inhibitory effects on BMP-2-inducible protein kinase (BIKE) and Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), with IC50 values of 45 nM and 60 nM, respectively. BMT-090605 is a valuable tool for research into mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. -
AAK1/GAK Inhibitor
AAK1-IN-8 is a selective inhibitor of AAK1 and GAK, demonstrating effective inhibition with EC50 values of 50 nM and 190 nM, respectively. This compound significantly hinders the phosphorylation of the AP2-µ2 subunit at threonine 156, providing insight into clathrin-mediated endocytosis. AAK1-IN-8 is utilized in research applications focused on uncovering the roles of AAK1 and GAK in cellular processes and their implications in diseases related to endocytic pathways. -
α7 nAChR Inhibitor
Conofurin-Delta is a potent inhibitor of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), exhibiting an IC50 of 177 nM. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against the α9α10 nAChR with an IC50 of 98.1 nM. This compound is relevant for research applications in the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its impact on cholinergic signaling pathways. -
COX-1 Inhibitor
NCX 466 is a selective inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, demonstrating notable anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It functions as a nitric oxide (NO) donor, enhancing microcirculation while exerting antioxidant effects. NCX 466 effectively reduces levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and oxidative stress markers, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Furthermore, it mitigates leukocyte recruitment during inflammatory responses by decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, contributing to the prevention of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in murine models. -
COX-2 Inhibitor
Hirsutanonol, a diarylheptanoid derived from the bark of Alnus hirsute var. sibirica, functions primarily as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This compound exhibits significant anti-filarial activity, demonstrated by an IC50 value of 44.11 μg/mL against microfilariae. Hirsutanonol is valuable in research focused on inflammation reduction and parasitic disease interventions. -
COX-1 Inhibitor
Dihydroflavokawin B is a selective COX-1 inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 of 1.22 μM, with moderate effects on COX-2 and 5-LOX. This compound demonstrates significant activity against the promastigote forms of Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania braziliensis, making it a valuable tool for leishmaniasis research. Additionally, Dihydroflavokawin B inhibits rabbit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, and adenosine diphosphate, highlighting its potential for in vitro anti-inflammatory studies. -
COX Inhibitor
Serratiopeptidase is a zinc-containing metalloprotease that primarily acts as a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It effectively reduces the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and interleukins, alleviating pain and swelling. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, Serratiopeptidase exhibits mucolytic, antibiofilm, and wound-healing activities. Its enzymatic action allows it to dissolve fibrin and blood clots, while also demonstrating potential anti-Alzheimer's effects by degrading amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, Serratiopeptidase shows cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells, making it a versatile reagent for research applications in inflammation and oncology. -
COX-2 Inhibitor
Thymohydroquinone is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with noted anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. It exhibits cytotoxic properties, antiproliferative effects, and the ability to suppress tumor growth in various cancer models. This compound is applicable in research focused on squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, and the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. -
AChE Inhibitor
Coumaran, also known as 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran, is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and exhibits notable antileishmanial activity. Its mechanisms include the activation of macrophages, contributing to its antiparasitic effects and immunomodulatory properties. Coumaran is also applicable in the field of biopesticides, providing a potential tool for agricultural and biological research. -
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Inhibitor
Dinotefuran is a competitive inhibitor targeting insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This compound effectively disrupts neural signaling in insects, leading to dysfunction. With an IC50 of 890 nM for [3H]epibatidine and 36.1 μM for [3H]α-bungarotoxin in American cockroach neural membranes, Dinotefuran demonstrates significant knockdown (KD50=0.351 nmol/g) and lethal activity (LD50=0.173 nmol/g) against German cockroach. Its primary applications include agricultural pest control, specifically targeting piercing-sucking and chewing insects like aphids and planthoppers, and it also serves as a tool for studying environmental toxicological impacts such as oxidative stress and reproductive neurotoxicity in earthworms. -
Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitor
DL-threo-PDMP hydrochloride is a competitive inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), demonstrating significant potential in antimalarial research. This compound effectively inhibits GCS activity, leading to restored sensitivity to cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant testicular germ cell tumor cells. Additionally, DL-threo-PDMP hydrochloride has been shown to impede the growth of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, making it a valuable tool for studying malaria and its treatment. -
ChE Inhibitor
N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine is a natural phenolic amide compound that acts as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 122 μM and α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 2.7 μM. It demonstrates significant anti-trypanosomal activity, exhibiting an IC50 of 13.3 µM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. This compound is valuable for research into neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, as well as for studies focusing on trypanosomiasis. -
Parasite Inhibitor
Diazinon is an irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with primary applications in pest control as an insecticide. By inhibiting AChE, Diazinon leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine, resulting in overstimulation of acetylcholine receptors and disruption of nervous system function. Additionally, Diazinon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to oxidative stress across various biological tissues. This compound is predominantly utilized in agricultural settings but may also hold implications for human and animal health research. -
AChE Inhibitor
Carbosulfan is an orally active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that hydrolyzes to carbofuran, leading to significant insecticidal properties. This compound demonstrates broad-spectrum insecticidal activity while inducing oxidative stress through increases in lipid peroxidation and impairment of antioxidant defenses. Carbosulfan is associated with reproductive toxicity in male rats and developmental disorders in offspring, making it a relevant subject in studies focused on reproductive toxicity and environmental risk assessment. Its persistence in aquatic environments raises concerns regarding potential hazards to non-target organisms.
