Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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α-1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Dabuzalgron is a selective α-1A adrenergic receptor agonist primarily utilized for the treatment of urinary incontinence. This compound exhibits key biological activity by enhancing bladder function, thereby mitigating symptoms associated with overactive bladder. Additionally, Dabuzalgron has been shown to provide protection against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through the preservation of mitochondrial function, making it relevant in cardiovascular research. -
S1PR1 Antagonist
W146 TFA is a selective antagonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), exhibiting an EC50 value of 398 nM. This compound is instrumental in studying the role of S1PR1 in various biological processes, including immune modulation and cardiovascular function. W146 TFA is valuable for research applications involving cytokine signaling and cellular proliferation pathways. -
ICMT Inhibitor
UCM-1336 is a potent inhibitor of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase (ICMT), exhibiting an IC50 of 2 μM. This compound effectively induces mislocalization of endogenous Ras, resulting in decreased Ras activation. UCM-1336 has shown the ability to trigger cell death through autophagy and apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and signal transduction pathways. -
5-HT2/D1/D2 Antagonist
Olanzapine-d3 is a deuterated form of olanzapine, targeting multiple receptors, including serotonin receptors 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and dopamine receptors D1 to D4. This selective and orally active monoaminergic antagonist exhibits high affinity binding with Ki values ranging from 4 to 57 nM for relevant targets. It is primarily utilized in research related to psychopharmacology and the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, enabling detailed pharmacokinetic studies and investigation of receptor interactions. -
mGlu1 Antagonist
LY456236 is a selective, non-competitive antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1), exhibiting an IC50 of 0.145 μM for the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against EGFR with an IC50 of 0.918 μM. By targeting the MAPK pathway, LY456236 effectively blocks cell proliferation and reverses the anti-apoptotic effects of DHPG. This reagent is suitable for investigations in epilepsy and related neurological research. -
Dopamine Receptors Blocker
Trifluoperazine dimaleate is a potent dopamine receptor blocker, primarily indicated for research into antipsychotic mechanisms. This compound exhibits significant α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism and serves as an inhibitor of NUPR1, highlighting its potential anticancer properties. Additionally, trifluoperazine dimaleate functions as a calmodulin inhibitor and inhibits P-glycoprotein activity. Its versatile applications extend to studying schizophrenia and the reversible inhibition of influenza virus morphogenesis. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d3 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Carvedilol, functioning primarily as a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor blocker. It exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 5 μM. This compound serves as a versatile antihypertensive agent and has potential applications in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. Furthermore, Carvedilol-d3 promotes autophagy and is known to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it valuable for research involving inflammatory processes. -
5-HT6R Antagonist
PUC-10 is a potent antagonist of the 5-HT6 receptor, exhibiting a Ki value of 14.6 nM and an IC50 of 32 nM. Computational studies indicate that PUC-10 is orally bioactive and capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier. This compound effectively induces autophagy in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. PUC-10 is ideally suited for studies focused on neurological disorders and related therapeutic strategies. -
Stable Isotope
Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride is a deuterated derivative of Trifluoperazine, primarily targeting dopamine receptors to exert its antipsychotic effects. This compound is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist and an effective inhibitor of NUPR1, showcasing anticancer properties. Additionally, it functions as a calmodulin inhibitor and can interfere with P-glycoprotein activity. Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride is valuable for research applications related to schizophrenia and serves as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis. -
Stable Isotope
Yangonin-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Yangonin, acting as a stable isotope. This compound demonstrates binding affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor, with an IC50 of 1.79 μM and a Ki of 0.72 μM. Yangonin-d3 is valuable for research applications in cannabinoid receptor studies, enabling the exploration of receptor mechanisms and the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d5 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Carvedilol, a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor blocker. It exhibits lipid peroxidation inhibition with an IC50 of 5 μM and serves as a versatile antihypertensive agent, showing potential in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. Additionally, Carvedilol functions as an autophagy inducer and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it relevant for research in inflammatory pathways and cardiovascular health. -
Autophagy Inducer
Cabergoline diphosphate is an ergot alkaloid that acts as an agonist of dopamine D2-like receptors, demonstrating high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors with Ki values of 0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively. It serves as an autophagy inducer, making it a valuable tool for research focused on cellular processes related to autophagy and neurobiology. This compound is instrumental in studies investigating neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic regulation, providing insights into the role of dopamine receptors in cellular homeostasis. -
Stable Isotope
Dronedarone-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Dronedarone, serving as a stable isotope for research applications. This compound functions primarily as a class III antiarrhythmic agent, effective in the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone-d6 hydrochloride exhibits potent blockade of various ion currents, including potassium, sodium, and L-type calcium currents, and also demonstrates antiadrenergic activity through noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Additionally, it acts as a substrate and moderate inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme, making it valuable for pharmacokinetic studies. -
Stable Isotope
Cabergoline-d6 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Cabergoline, an ergot-derived dopamine D2-like receptor agonist. This compound exhibits high affinity for dopamine receptors D2 and D3, as well as 5-HT2B receptors, with Ki values of 0.7, 1.5, and 1.2 nM respectively. Cabergoline-d6 is utilized in pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic research to investigate the behavior of Cabergoline in biological systems. -
Stable Isotope
Dronedarone-d6 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of the antiarrhythmic agent Dronedarone, primarily targeting various ion channels, including potassium, sodium, and L-type calcium channels. This compound is vital for investigating the mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, as well as for studying its antiadrenergic properties through its noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. In addition, Dronedarone-d6 serves as a substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, making it relevant for pharmacokinetic studies in cardiovascular research. -
CB1 Antagonist/PPARα Agonist
OLHHA is a dual CB1 receptor antagonist and PPARα agonist. This compound demonstrates notable activity in inhibiting alcohol intake with an EC50 value of 0.2 mg/kg. Additionally, OLHHA effectively reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and circulating triglyceride levels, exhibiting anti-steatotic properties. Its mechanism and effects make it a valuable tool for research into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. This compound is primarily employed as a stable isotope for metabolic tracing and pharmacokinetic studies. Salbutamol exhibits significant therapeutic effects by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, making it a valuable tool in research involving asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additionally, it has been identified to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT pathway, highlighting its utility in oncology research. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d9 acetate is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. This compound is primarily utilized as a stable isotope for research applications, specifically in studying its effects on bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and the β2-adrenergic receptor pathways. Salbutamol has also been implicated in promoting tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling cascade, making it relevant for cancer research as well as respiratory studies. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d9 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is primarily utilized as a stable isotope in biological research, allowing for the precise tracking of Salbutamol's pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Salbutamol is known for its ability to relax bronchial smooth muscle and is widely studied in the context of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as its role in promoting tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling pathway. -
mGlu5 Receptor NAM
STX107 is a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor, exhibiting a pKi of 8.32. This compound effectively inhibits glutamate-induced calcium mobilization, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, STX107 prevents glutamate-induced mGlu5 internalization, making it a valuable tool for researching mGlu5 receptor signaling pathways and potential therapeutic applications for neurological disorders. -
Antagonist
Peptide E5 is an antagonist that targets the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling axis. By blocking this interaction, Peptide E5 downregulates CXCR4 expression and inhibits the phosphorylation of key downstream proteins, Akt and Erk, leading to apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Additionally, Peptide E5 suppresses cellular migration and adhesion, as well as the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. This peptide is a valuable tool for research related to breast cancer and tumor microenvironment interactions. -
A1/A2A/A2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonist
Adenosine receptor antagonist 7 is a potent triple antagonist of A1, A2A, and A2B adenosine receptors, demonstrating Ki values of 1.5 nM, 0.6 nM, and 21 nM, respectively. It effectively inhibits cAMP production in A2AR-HEK293 cells with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. This compound enhances the infiltration of effector T cells and increases the CD8+/Treg ratio in conjunction with Avelumab. Adenosine receptor antagonist 7 is valuable for cancer research, particularly in the study of colon cancer. -
CXCR4 Antagonist
Peptide R analogue 10 is a potent CXCR4 antagonist, demonstrating enhanced antagonistic activity, specificity, and plasma stability compared to its predecessor, Peptide R. This compound effectively inhibits CXCL12-mediated cell migration, ERK phosphorylation, and CXCR4 internalization. Peptide R analogue 10 is valuable for research applications involving CXCR4 overexpression in models of leukemia and colon cancer. -
Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Salbutamol adipate is an orally active short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is known to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT pathway. Additionally, Salbutamol adipate is effective in relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, making it a valuable tool for researching bronchospasm associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. -
Stable Isotope
Salbutamol-d4 is a deuterated form of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist Salbutamol, designed for stable isotope applications in biochemical research. This compound has been shown to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells via the β2-AR/ERK/EMT signaling pathway. In addition, Salbutamol-d4 is utilized in studies investigating bronchospasms associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allowing for precise tracking of biological processes and metabolic pathways. -
DPP4 Inhibitor
Sitagliptin hydrochloride is a selective DPP4 inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 of 19 nM. By inhibiting DPP4, this compound prevents the breakdown of incretin hormones, such as GLP-1 and GIP, ultimately increasing their active levels. Additionally, sitagliptin can stimulate GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells via the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 pathways, independent of DPP-4 inhibition. This reagent is applicable in research involving type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and it also exhibits protective effects on pancreatic islet grafts in type 1 diabetes models. -
Stable Isotope
Sitagliptin-d6 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor that demonstrates an IC50 of 19 nM. By inhibiting the degradation of incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP, Sitagliptin-d6 promotes increased levels of active glucagon-like peptides, thereby enhancing insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Additionally, it can stimulate GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells independently of DPP-4 inhibition, engaging the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. This reagent is valuable for research on type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the protective effects on pancreatic islet grafts. -
ICMT Inhibitor
POP-3MB is an inhibitor of Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), with an IC50 value of 2.5 μM. It effectively alters the subcellular localization of K-Ras, leading to inhibition of Ras activation. Additionally, POP-3MB demonstrates the capacity to inhibit Erk phosphorylation, making it a valuable tool for research into Ras signaling pathways and related oncogenic processes. -
GPR119 Agonist
2-Oleoylglycerol is a GPR119 agonist that activates hGPR119 in transiently transfected COS-7 cells with an EC50 value of 2.5 μM. This lipid enhances the inflammatory response in macrophages and promotes fibrosis through the GPR119/TAK1/NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Additionally, 2-Oleoylglycerol stimulates glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in vivo. Its effects make it a valuable tool for research into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and related metabolic disorders. -
Stable Isotope
2-Oleoylglycerol-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of 2-Oleoylglycerol, a known agonist of GPR119. It exhibits significant biological activity by activating human GPR119 with an EC50 of 2.5 μM in COS-7 cells, enhancing macrophage inflammatory responses and promoting fibrosis through the GPR119/TAK1/NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling cascade. Additionally, this compound stimulates glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in vivo. 2-Oleoylglycerol-d5 is particularly useful for studying mechanisms underlying non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). -
S1P2 Receptor Inhibitor
S118 is an orally active inhibitor of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1P2 receptor), which blocks the binding of Dpr1, subsequently reducing β-catenin accumulation. This mechanism inhibits nuclear translocation of the S1P2 receptor, contributing to the attenuation of inflammation, fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). S118 demonstrates potential for use in research related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other fibrotic diseases. -
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Inducer
Herpetin is an active lignan that functions as a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell inducer. It activates the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promoting stem cell recruitment and differentiation. This compound is relevant for research applications focused on acute liver injury and related regenerative processes. -
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor
12(S)-HETrE is a fatty acid metabolite that serves as a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity in modulating thrombus formation and is valuable in thrombosis-related research applications. Researchers can utilize 12(S)-HETrE to study the molecular mechanisms underlying platelet function and explore potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. -
Adenosine Receptor Antagonist
Adenosine receptor antagonist 6 selectively targets the A2A adenosine receptor, exhibiting a Ki value of 19.18 nM. This compound inhibits NECA-mediated cAMP production with an IC50 of 0.089 μM and mitigates immunosuppressive effects by promoting IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion. Additionally, adenosine receptor antagonist 6 counteracts the immunosuppressive actions of adenosine on T-cell activation and cytokine release, demonstrating potential in inhibiting tumor growth in CT26/MC38 xenograft models. It is suitable for research focused on colon cancer. -
PAF Antagonist
Dersalazine sodium is a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist that demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory properties in intestinal models. It has been shown to effectively downregulate IL-17 expression in rodent colitis studies, making it a valuable tool for investigating inflammatory bowel disease and related conditions. Its mechanism of action allows for exploration of PAF-related pathways in various biological contexts. -
PTP4A3 Inhibitor
JMS-053 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of PTP4A3, with an IC50 value of 18 nM. This compound also exhibits significant inhibitory activity against PTP4A1 and PTP4A2, with IC50s of 50 nM and 53 nM, respectively. Additionally, JMS-053 demonstrates inhibition of CDC25B and DUSP3 with IC50 values of 92.6 nM and 207.6 nM, respectively. Through mechanisms such as interference with RhoA and STAT3/p38 signaling pathways, JMS-053 effectively suppresses tumor cell proliferation and migration, making it a valuable tool for investigating various cancers, including ovarian, breast, and colon cancer. -
CXCR4/STAT3 Inhibitor
Minecoside is a potent inhibitor of the CXCR4 receptor and STAT3 signaling pathway. It demonstrates significant anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities by downregulating CXCR4 expression and suppressing STAT3 activation, which leads to the inhibition of CXCL12-induced cellular invasion. Minecoside has been shown to effectively hinder cancer metastasis and enhance apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development. -
Dopamine Receptor Antagonist
Pimozide-d4 is a deuterated derivative of Pimozide, functioning primarily as a dopamine receptor antagonist. It demonstrates potent inhibitory activity with Ki values of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM, and 588 nM against the dopamine D2, D3, and D1 receptors, respectively. Additionally, Pimozide-d4 exhibits affinity for the α1-adrenoceptor (Ki = 39 nM) and inhibits signaling pathways associated with STAT3 and STAT5. This compound is valuable for research focusing on neuropharmacology and the modulation of dopaminergic signaling pathways. -
Stable Isotope
Pimozide-d5 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Pimozide, a potent antagonist of dopamine receptors primarily targeting D2, D3, and D1 receptors with Ki values of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM, and 588 nM, respectively. This compound also exhibits affinity for the α1-adrenoceptor with a Ki of 39 nM and has been shown to inhibit signaling pathways through STAT3 and STAT5. Pimozide-d5 is valuable in pharmacological studies and research involving dopamine signaling and receptor interaction. -
S1P Inhibitor
Pro-FTY is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inhibitor functioning as an anticancer prodrug derived from FTY720. It selectively disrupts S1P signaling in cancer cells using a drug delivery system that reacts with acrolein, demonstrating significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant variants. Pro-FTY effectively suppresses tumor growth in xenograft models with 4T1 cells and organoids, while maintaining immune cell integrity by avoiding lymphocytopenia. This reagent is valuable for research in cancer therapy and resistance mechanisms. -
Stable Isotope
Pimozide-d5 N-Oxide is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Pimozide, which primarily functions as a dopamine receptor antagonist, exhibiting Ki values of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM, and 588 nM for dopamine D2, D3, and D1 receptors, respectively. Additionally, this compound has notable affinity for the α1-adrenoceptor with a Ki of 39 nM. Pimozide also inhibits the signaling pathways of STAT3 and STAT5, making it relevant for research applications in neurobiology and cancer biology studies. -
Histamine receptors inhibitor
Histamine Receptors Inhibitor 1 (compound 303) functions as an inhibitor of H1 and H4 histamine receptors. This compound demonstrates key biological activity in modulating inflammatory processes and is particularly relevant for research applications focusing on autoimmune, allergic, and ocular conditions. Its ability to selectively inhibit these receptors makes it a valuable tool for investigating histamine-mediated pathways in various biological contexts. -
Dopamine Receptor Agonist
Apomorphine is a potent dopamine receptor agonist with additional inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidases A and B. It demonstrates neuroprotective properties, evidenced by its ability to reduce reactive oxygen species production, inhibit DNA fragmentation, and downregulate JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Apomorphine also facilitates the degradation of intracellular Aβ40 and Aβ42, lowers tau protein levels, and suppresses MMP-9 expression. Its radical scavenging and iron chelating capabilities make it valuable for research in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as studies related to breast carcinoma and erectile dysfunction. -
PDD4 Inhibitor
Sitagliptin phosphate is a selective DPP4 inhibitor with a powerful mechanism of action, featuring an IC50 value of 19 nM. By inhibiting DPP4, this compound prevents the degradation of incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), resulting in enhanced active incretin levels. Additionally, it can directly stimulate GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells via the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 pathways, which operates independently of DPP-4. Sitagliptin phosphate is valuable for researching both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and demonstrates protective effects on pancreatic islet grafts in type 1 diabetes models. -
CRFR Agonist
Urocortin II, human is a selective agonist of the type-2 corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF2) receptor, exhibiting key biological activities that include promoting satiety and providing neuroprotective effects. This peptide also demonstrates bactericidal and antiparasitic properties, as well as pro-inflammatory activity. Additionally, Urocortin II, human can activate the NF-κB pathway and ERK1/2 MAP kinase, making it relevant for research in pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiac protection. Its diverse applications extend to studies in infection, inflammation, metabolic disorders, neurological conditions, and cardiovascular diseases. -
Stable Isotope
Sitagliptin-d4 phosphate is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Sitagliptin phosphate, a selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) with an IC50 value of 19 nM. This compound increases the levels of active incretins by inhibiting the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Additionally, Sitagliptin-d4 phosphate can stimulate GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells through the activation of the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 pathways, independent of DPP-4. This reagent is valuable for research into type 1 and type 2 diabetes and can contribute to studies exploring pancreatic islet function. -
Vasoconstrictor
Endothelin-1 (1-31) (Human) is a potent vasoconstrictor that primarily targets endothelin receptors to induce vascular smooth muscle contraction. This peptide plays a significant role in regulating blood pressure and is involved in various cardiovascular pathologies. It is widely utilized in research applications focused on cardiovascular physiology, hypertension, and related therapeutic interventions. -
Stable Isotope
Carvedilol-d4 is a deuterated derivative of Carvedilol, a non-selective β/α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value of 5 μM. Carvedilol acts as a multifaceted antihypertensive agent, demonstrating potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions such as angina and congestive heart failure. Additionally, it has been identified as an autophagy inducer and a modulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, making it a valuable tool for research into cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. -
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor
Notoginsenoside Fc is a protopanaxadiol-type saponin derived from the leaves of Panax notoginseng, functioning primarily as a platelet aggregation inhibitor. This compound effectively mitigates platelet aggregation and has been shown to enhance reendothelialization after vascular injury in diabetic rat models by promoting autophagy. Its biological activity makes Notoginsenoside Fc a valuable reagent for research in cardiovascular health and vascular regeneration. -
Stable Isotope
Theophylline-d6 is a deuterium-labeled analog of Theophylline, primarily utilized as a stable isotope in research. Theophylline functions as a nonselective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and adenosine receptor antagonist, while also acting as an activator of histone deacetylase (HDAC). This compound is valuable in studies exploring cellular signaling pathways, pharmacology, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying various therapeutic effects.
