Protein Tyrosine Kinases

5'-Fluoroindirubinoxime (5'-FIO, compound 13), an Indirubin derivative, is a potent FLT3 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 15 nM.

VEGFR-2-IN-39 is a potent inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), with an IC50 of 208.6 nM. This compound effectively inhibits the proliferation of EA.hy926 cells, a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, in a concentration-dependent manner, exhibiting an IC50 of 38.65 µM. VEGFR-2-IN-39 has low toxicity, making it suitable for further research applications in angiogenesis and vascular biology.

Cucurbitacin IIa is a potent EGFR inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.455 nM, demonstrating effective modulation of the EGFR signaling pathway. This compound induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, downregulates survivin expression, and enhances autophagy, while disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Additionally, Cucurbitacin IIa exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable tool for research into inflammation-related diseases, depression, and various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer.

OD36 hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) and an effective modulator of activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), exhibiting an IC50 of 5.3 nM against RIPK2. This macrocyclic compound demonstrates strong binding affinity for the ALK2 kinase ATP pocket, with a Kd of 37 nM. OD36 hydrochloride is suitable for research applications focused on signaling pathways involving RIPK2 and ALK2, relevant in studying various diseases, including inflammation and cancer.

AKN-028 is a potent inhibitor of FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), demonstrating an IC50 value of 6 nM and effectively inhibiting FLT3 autophosphorylation. This orally active compound elicits a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a mean IC50 of 1 μM. AKN-028 promotes apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3, making it particularly relevant for research on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and related hematological malignancies.

OD36 is a selective inhibitor of RIPK2 with an IC50 of 5.3 nM, demonstrating potent binding affinity to the ATP pocket of the ALK2 kinase, with a KD of 37 nM. This macrocyclic compound exhibits specific ALK2-directed activity, making it a valuable tool for investigating the roles of these kinases in various biological pathways. Research applications include the exploration of inflammatory signaling and potential therapeutic interventions in related diseases.

RIPK2-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor targeting RIPK2 and ALK2, with an IC50 of 51 nM and 5 nM, respectively. This compound demonstrates substantial efficacy in modulating RIPK2/NOD2 pathways, exhibiting an IC50 of 390 nM in cellular assays. RIPK2-IN-1 is suitable for research applications investigating pathways related to inflammation and immune response mechanisms.

ALKBH5-IN-5 is a selective inhibitor of ALKBH5 with an IC50 of 0.62 μM and a Kd of 804 nM. This compound disrupts the interaction between ALKBH5 and its substrates, m6A-RNA and 6mA-DNA, leading to enhanced differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells, as well as G2-M phase arrest. Notably, ALKBH5-IN-5 reduces the protein levels of TACC3 and MYC while increasing cleaved caspase-3 levels, demonstrating significant antiproliferative effects. Furthermore, it exhibits antitumor activity in xenograft mouse models and is relevant for research into acute myeloid leukemia.

AKN-028 TFA is a potent and orally active inhibitor of FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), exhibiting an IC50 value of 6 nM. This compound effectively inhibits FLT3 autophosphorylation and elicits a dose-dependent cytotoxic response with a mean IC50 of 1 μM. Additionally, AKN-028 TFA induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3. It is a valuable tool for research in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

CIDD-8633 is a potent inhibitor of DDR2, exhibiting an IC50 value of 6.105 μM. This compound effectively inhibits cell migration, induces cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis, leading to significant suppression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor growth. CIDD-8633 is valuable for research applications focused on understanding and combating pancreatic cancer, particularly in the context of PDAC.

ALK-IN-26 is a selective inhibitor of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with an IC50 value of 7.0 μM for ALK tyrosine kinase. This compound exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrates permeability across the blood-brain barrier. ALK-IN-26 has been shown to induce apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, making it a valuable tool in the study of glioblastoma and related malignancies.

Bleximenib (JNJ-75276617) is an orally active and highly selective menin–KMT2A (MLL) interaction inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.1 nM in humans, 0.045 nM in mice, and ≤0.066 nM in dogs. It effectively inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells and induces apoptosis and differentiation, particularly in malignancies driven by KMT2A rearrangements. Bleximenib is a promising therapeutic candidate for the study and treatment of leukemia and other menin-dependent cancers.

Zongertinib (BI 1810631) is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting HER2 and EGFR, with IC50 values of 13 nM and 579 nM, respectively. It exhibits significant antitumor activity and is being investigated for the treatment of multiple solid tumors, particularly those driven by HER2 alterations.

Bleximenib (JNJ-75276617) oxalate is an orally active and highly selective inhibitor of the menin–KMT2A (MLL) interaction, with IC50 values of 0.1 nM in humans, 0.045 nM in mice, and ≤0.066 nM in dogs. It effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and differentiation, particularly in cancers driven by KMT2A rearrangements. Bleximenib oxalate is a promising candidate for research in leukemia and other menin–KMT2A-dependent malignancies.

Larixol is an fMLP inhibitor that also suppresses key signaling pathways involved in immune regulation, including Src kinase, ERK1/2, p38, and AKT phosphorylation. It disrupts the interaction between the βγ subunit of the fMLP receptor Gi protein and downstream effectors, thereby inhibiting fMLP-induced respiratory burst. Larixol effectively inhibits fMLP (0.1 μM)-induced superoxide anion production (IC50: 1.98 μM), cathepsin G release (IC50: 2.76 μM), and neutrophil chemotaxis. It mitigates neutrophil hyperactivation and helps reduce inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, Larixol derivatives have shown inhibitory activity against TRPC6 functional mutants associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).

Flonoltinib is a potent and orally active dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.7 nM for JAK2, 4 nM for FLT3, 26 nM for JAK1, and 39 nM for JAK3. It exhibits strong anti-cancer activity and is a promising candidate for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and other JAK/FLT3-driven cancers.

Iruplinalkib (WX-0593) is an orally active and selective ALK/ROS1 inhibitor that effectively blocks tyrosine autophosphorylation of ALK, mutant ALK, and EGFR, with IC50 values ranging from 5.38 to 16.74 nM. Additionally, it inhibits the transport activity of MATE1, MATE2K, P-gp, and BCRP. Iruplinalkib is under investigation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methylnissolin (Astrapterocarpan), a natural compound isolated from *Astragalus membranaceus*, inhibits PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with an IC50 of 10 μM. It exerts its effects by suppressing PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, thereby blocking activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling cascade.

JG26 is a potent ADAM inhibitor with IC50 values of 12 nM for ADAM8, 1.9 nM for ADAM17, and 150 nM for ADAM10. It also inhibits MMP-12 with an IC50 of 9.4 nM. JG26 suppresses AngII-induced EGFR transactivation and ERK activation, upregulates ACE2 expression, inhibits CD23 shedding, and reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, JG26 demonstrates anti-metastatic effects in colorectal cancer and holds research potential in Hodgkin lymphoma and vascular diseases.

Lasmotinib (PHI-101) is a dual inhibitor of FLT3 and CHK2 with potent activity against FLT3 single activating mutations (ITD or TKD), as well as double (ITD/D835Y or ITD/F691L) and triple (ITD/D835Y/F691L) resistance mutations. It synergizes with Venetoclax or Azacytidine to enhance anti-leukemic effects and also demonstrates anticancer activity in ovarian and breast cancer models.

Avitinib (Abivertinib) maleate is a third-generation, irreversible, and orally active selective EGFR inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.18 nM for both EGFR^L858R and EGFR^T790M, and 7.68 nM for wild-type EGFR. In addition to its EGFR-targeting activity, Avitinib maleate also inhibits BTK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma models, demonstrating broad-spectrum anticancer efficacy.

JND3229 is a reversible EGFR C797S inhibitor with IC50 values of 5.8 nM for EGFR^L858R/T790M/C797S, 6.8 nM for EGFR^WT, and 30.5 nM for EGFR^L858R/T790M. It exhibits potent antiproliferative activity and effectively suppresses tumor growth in vivo, making it a valuable tool for cancer research, particularly in the context of non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Silevertinib (BDTX-1535, EGFR-IN-76) is an orally bioavailable, blood-brain barrier-permeable, and selective EGFR inhibitor with demonstrated antitumor activity. It has shown efficacy in preclinical models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma patient-derived tumors, and intracranial tumor models.

Befotertinib (D-0316) mesylate is an orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor that suppresses tumor cell proliferation. It is primarily investigated for its potential in treating EGFR T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

O-Desmethyl gefitinib is an active plasma metabolite of gefitinib, formed via CYP2D6-mediated metabolism. It retains EGFR inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 36 nM in subcellular assays.

MTX-531 is an orally active small molecule that inhibits EGFR (IC50 = 14.7 nM) and multiple PI3K isoforms, with IC50 values of 6.4 nM (PI3Kα), 233 nM (PI3Kβ), 8.3 nM (PI3Kγ), and 1.1 nM (PI3Kδ), demonstrating potent antitumor activity. Additionally, MTX-531 functions as a weak PPARγ agonist (IC50 = 2.5 µM), which may mitigate PI3K inhibitor-induced hyperglycemia.

Rezivertinib (BPI-7711) is an orally active, highly selective, and irreversible third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It is designed to potently target both common activating EGFR mutations and the resistance-associated T790M mutation, which is a frequent cause of acquired resistance to earlier-generation TKIs. Rezivertinib also demonstrates excellent central nervous system (CNS) penetration, making it effective against brain metastases in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With its strong antitumor activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profile, Rezivertinib is a promising candidate for the treatment of EGFR-mutant NSCLC, particularly in patients with CNS involvement or T790M-driven resistance.

Dacomitinib (PF-00299804) hydrate is an orally active, irreversible pan-ErbB inhibitor targeting EGFR, HER2, and HER4. It potently inhibits ErbB family signaling pathways, suppressing tumor proliferation and survival. Dacomitinib hydrate is a valuable agent for research into cancers, particularly metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where it demonstrates efficacy in targeting EGFR-driven oncogenesis.

PP 3 (Compound 3) is an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.7 μM. It targets the EGFR signaling pathway, which is critical for cell proliferation and survival in various cancers. PP 3 is a useful tool for research into EGFR-driven malignancies, such as non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, enabling studies on tumor growth inhibition and potential therapeutic strategies.

Tyrphostin AG1433 (SU1433) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively targets platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2/Flk-1/KDR), with IC₅₀ values of 5.0 μM and 9.3 μM, respectively. By inhibiting these key angiogenic receptors, AG1433 disrupts downstream signaling involved in endothelial cell proliferation and migration, thereby effectively preventing blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). It is a valuable compound for research into tumor angiogenesis, vascular disorders, and anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.

VEGFR2-IN-2 (compound 6e) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), exhibiting an IC50 of 19.32 nM. It effectively targets VEGFR2-mediated signaling, which is critical for tumor angiogenesis, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. VEGFR2-IN-2 is a valuable tool for research into anti-angiogenic therapies, particularly for cancers such as colorectal, breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, where VEGFR2-driven angiogenesis plays a significant role. Its high selectivity and potency make it suitable for studying VEGFR2-specific mechanisms in tumor progression and evaluating combination therapies with other targeted agents.

EVT801 is an orally active, selective VEGFR-3 inhibitor (IC50=11 nM) with potent antitumor properties. It suppresses VEGF-C-induced human endothelial cell proliferation and tumor-associated lymphatic angiogenesis in mouse models. EVT801 reduces tumor hypoxia, immunosuppressive cytokines (CCL4, CCL5), and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) production. When combined with immune checkpoint therapy (ICT), EVT801 enhances response rates and improves tumor inhibition in cancer mouse models. Additionally, EVT801 is a click chemistry reagent containing an alkyne group, enabling copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with azide-containing molecules.

Tinengotinib (TT00420) is an orally bioavailable, spectrally selective small-molecule kinase inhibitor targeting Aurora A/B (IC50=1.2–3.3 nM), FGFR1/2/3 (IC50=1.5–3.5 nM), VEGFRs, JAK1/2, and CSF1R. It disrupts Aurora kinase-mediated cell cycle progression, inducing G2/M arrest, inhibits the FGFR/JNK-JUN signaling pathway, and activates the MEK/ERK-dependent apoptotic pathway. Tinengotinib exhibits potent anti-tumor proliferation, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and tumor microenvironment-modulating activities. It is a promising candidate for research in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), gallbladder cancer, and tumor immune microenvironment studies.

Gunagratinib (ICP-192) is a low-toxicity, orally active, irreversible pan-FGFR inhibitor that covalently binds to fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1–4), potently and selectively blocking FGFR-mediated signaling. It is designed for the treatment and study of FGFR-driven cancers, including those with FGFR alterations implicated in tumor growth and survival.

Irpagratinib (ABSK011) is an orally active and highly potent FGFR4 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 4) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of less than 10 nM. It effectively inhibits FGFR4 autophosphorylation, thereby blocking downstream signaling pathways critical for tumor cell survival and proliferation. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice, rats, and dogs have demonstrated high systemic exposure of Irpagratinib, supporting its potential for oral dosing in clinical applications. In preclinical models, Irpagratinib has shown significant antitumor activity, particularly in subcutaneous xenograft tumor models, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of FGFR4-driven cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma.

Resigratinib (KIN-3248) is an irreversible, orally active covalent inhibitor targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR1–4. It binds covalently to the conserved cysteine residue Cys492 within the kinase domain, effectively blocking FGFR signaling. Resigratinib demonstrates potent activity against both wild-type FGFRs and clinically relevant drug-resistant mutations, including FGFR2 V565F and FGFR3 V555M.

Lirafugratinib (RLY-4008) is an orally active, irreversible, and highly selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), with an IC₅₀ of 3 nM. It covalently binds to cysteine 491 (Cys491) in the FGFR2 kinase domain, enabling durable inhibition of FGFR2 signaling. Lirafugratinib is specifically designed to target FGFR2-driven cancers, including those with primary activating alterations and acquired resistance mutations, while sparing other FGFR family members to minimize off-target effects. It has demonstrated potent antitumor activity, including tumor regression, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for FGFR2-altered malignancies such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and other solid tumors.

JBJ-09-063 hydrochloride is a highly potent, mutant-selective allosteric inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), specifically designed to target both TKI-sensitive and TKI-resistant EGFR mutations. It exhibits exceptionally low IC₅₀ values of: * 0.147 nM for EGFR L858R * 0.063 nM for EGFR L858R/T790M * 0.083 nM for EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S * 0.396 nM for EGFR^LT/L747S JBJ-09-063 hydrochloride effectively suppresses phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream signaling components, including Akt and ERK1/2, thereby inhibiting oncogenic signaling pathways. Its robust efficacy across a range of EGFR mutation profiles—including triple mutants that are resistant to third-generation TKIs—makes it a promising candidate for research and development in the treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Chiauranib (CS2164) is an orally active, multi-targeted small molecule inhibitor with potent anticancer activity. It targets key kinases involved in tumor angiogenesis, including VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRα, and c-Kit, as well as mitosis-related kinase Aurora B and inflammation-associated kinase CSF-1R. Chiauranib exhibits IC₅₀ values ranging from 1 to 9 nM against these targets. Through simultaneous inhibition of angiogenesis, cell division, and inflammation pathways, Chiauranib exerts strong antitumor effects and is a promising candidate for the treatment of various solid tumors.

AG-825 is a selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of ErbB2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase, with an IC₅₀ of 0.35 μM. It exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities and has been shown to significantly accelerate apoptosis in human neutrophils. AG-825 also increases β₁-adrenergic receptor (β₁AR) density, suggesting potential cardiomodulatory effects. Due to its multifaceted biological activity, AG-825 is a valuable compound for research in oncology, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.

Limertinib (ASK120067) is a potent and orally active third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that selectively targets the EGFR^T790M resistance mutation with an IC₅₀ of 0.3 nM, while exhibiting reduced activity against wild-type EGFR (EGFR^WT, IC₅₀ = 6.0 nM). It is being investigated as a targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR-activating and resistance mutations.

BLU-945 is a potent, highly selective, reversible, and orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting mutant forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It effectively inhibits EGFR variants harboring activating mutations such as L858R or exon 19 deletions, as well as resistance-associated mutations including T790M and C797S. BLU-945 is being developed as a next-generation therapeutic agent for the treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in cases resistant to earlier-generation EGFR inhibitors.

CH7233163 is a noncovalent, ATP-competitive inhibitor that selectively targets the EGFR-Del19/T790M/C797S triple mutation, a known resistance mechanism to third-generation EGFR inhibitors such as Osimertinib. It effectively inhibits EGFR phosphorylation in Del19/T790M/C797S-mutant NIH3T3 cells and demonstrates significant antitumor activity in preclinical models. CH7233163 offers a promising therapeutic strategy for overcoming resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

Sunvozertinib (DZD9008) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of ErbB family kinases, including mutant forms of EGFR and HER2, as well as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). It demonstrates strong inhibitory activity against a range of clinically relevant EGFR mutations, with IC₅₀ values of 20.4 nM for EGFR exon 20 NPH insertion, 20.4 nM for EGFR exon 20 ASV insertion, 1.1 nM for EGFR L858R/T790M, and 7.5 nM for HER2 exon 20 YVMA mutation. It exhibits reduced activity against wild-type EGFR (IC₅₀ = 80.4 nM in A431 cells), supporting its selectivity for mutant forms. Sunvozertinib is being investigated as a targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancers harboring EGFR or HER2 exon 20 alterations.

Asandeutertinib (Osimertinib-d₃; AZD-9291-d₃) is a deuterated analog of Osimertinib, functioning as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It retains potent antineoplastic activity and is primarily used in research settings to study EGFR-driven cancers, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations, while offering potential advantages in pharmacokinetics due to deuterium substitution.

(E)-AG 556 is a highly selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by blocking lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. Its dual functionality makes it a valuable compound for investigating EGFR-driven signaling pathways as well as inflammation-related mechanisms.

Pebezertinib (BLU-451) is an orally bioavailable epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor with demonstrated central nervous system (CNS) penetration. It is specifically designed to target EGFR mutations, including exon 20 insertions, and is being investigated for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring these alterations. Pebezertinib represents a promising therapeutic candidate for overcoming resistance in EGFR-driven NSCLC, particularly in cases with CNS involvement.

HS-276 is an orally bioavailable, potent, and highly selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), with a Kᵢ of 2.5 nM. It exhibits strong inhibition of TAK1 and moderate activity against a panel of other kinases, including CLK2, GCK, ULK2, MAP4K5, IRAK1, NUAK, CSNK1G2, CAMKKβ-1, and MLK1, with respective IC₅₀ values ranging from 8.25 to 5585 nM. HS-276 is a valuable tool for investigating TAK1-mediated signaling pathways and holds therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

HS-345 is a selective inhibitor of the TrkA/Akt signaling pathway, demonstrating significant anti-cancer effects in pancreatic cancer models. It inhibits the growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells while inducing apoptosis. Moreover, HS-345 disrupts angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. This compound shows potential as a valuable tool for research into pancreatic cancer therapies.

DFX117 is a selective, orally active inhibitor targeting PI3Kα and c-Met tyrosine kinase. This compound effectively inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, demonstrating significant antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines such as NCI-H1975, NCI-H1993, and HCC827, with IC50 values ranging from 0.02 to 0.08 µM. DFX117 induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and promotes apoptosis in A549 and NCI-H1975 cells. Additionally, DFX117 exhibits notable antitumor efficacy in murine models, making it a valuable tool for cancer research.