Endogenous Metabolite

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is a competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2.

Phosphoramidon Disodium Salt is a metalloendopeptidase inhibitor.

Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants which is an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase activity.

Urolithin B is one of the gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass.

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth.

DTHIB is a direct and selective heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) inhibitor with a Kd of 160 nM.

SDMA (Symmetric dimethylarginine) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity.

Cyclo(his-pro) (Cyclo(histidyl-proline)) is an orally active cyclic dipeptide structurally related to tyreotropin-releasing hormone. Cyclo(his-pro) could inhibit NF-κB nuclear accumulation.

3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle.

SAH is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 ?M.

Teglicar is a selective and reversible inhibitor of liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (L-CPT1).

Lapaquistat (T-91485), a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, is the active metabolite of TAK-475. Lapaquistat can decrease statin-induced myotoxicity in lipid-lowering therapy.

Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) inhibitor, effective inhibits (KGDHC) in muscle, bacterial, brain, and cultured human fibroblasts.

Agmatine sulfate exerts modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, such as neurotransmitter systems, ion channels and nitric oxide synthesis. It is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptor and a NO synthase inhibitor.

7-Methylguanosine is a novel cNIIIB nucleotidase inhibitor with IC50 value of 87.8????7.5??M.

L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TDUCA) dihydrate is an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that significantly downregulates pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12. Additionally, it suppresses ERK signaling, contributing to its cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects.

5,6-Dihydroxyindole is a bacterial inhibitor known for its broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities. As a precursor in melanin synthesis, it exhibits cytotoxic properties, demonstrating significant toxicity against a variety of pathogenic organisms. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on antimicrobial resistance and the development of novel therapeutic agents.

L-Cystine hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a potent Nrf2 activator and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. It enhances Nrf2 protein expression, facilitating transcriptional responses that combat oxidative stress. Research indicates that L-Cystine hydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects cells from apoptosis induced by oxidants or Doxorubicin. Additionally, its combination with L-theanine has been shown to boost antigen-specific IgG production by elevating glutathione levels and promoting T helper 2 (Th2) responses. This compound has significant potential for studying cystinuria and kidney stone formation.

NADH-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of Type II NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the electron transport chain and cellular respiration. By selectively targeting this enzyme, NADH-IN-2 can modulate metabolic processes and influence energy production in cells. This compound is useful in research applications investigating bioenergetics, mitochondrial function, and metabolic disorders.

Protoporphyrin IX (disodium) is a key metabolite in the heme biosynthetic pathway, functioning primarily as a radiation sensitizer. It enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) even under hypoxic conditions, thereby inducing DNA damage. This compound also serves as a photosensitizer, undergoing photodegradation when exposed to light. Notably, Protoporphyrin IX (disodium) accumulates in tumor cells following administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and demonstrates selective efficacy against basal cell carcinoma when activated at a wavelength of 405 nm. Its properties make it a valuable candidate for research into sonodynamic and photodynamic therapies for various cancers, including bladder cancer.

Protoporphyrin IX is an endogenous metabolite and a potent cancer inhibitor, functioning primarily as a radiation sensitizer. It enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, even under hypoxic conditions, leading to increased DNA damage. As a photosensitizer, Protoporphyrin IX undergoes photobleaching upon light exposure, facilitating targeted cancer therapies. Research indicates its efficacy in treating basal cell carcinoma and offers promise for sonodynamic and photodynamic applications in various cancers, including bladder cancer.