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Endogenous metabolites are small molecules made by the body's own metabolism, such as amino acids and steroids. They are used as metabolomics standards, as enzyme substrates and as tools to probe how metabolic pathways are regulated. L-Citrulline, an intermediate of the urea cycle, is also formed when nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid intermediate on the route to cortisol. Prostaglandin E1 represents the eicosanoids, a group of lipid mediators derived from fatty acids. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the cofactor used by sirtuins.
Synonyms: Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX; ZnPP; Zinc Protoporphyrin-9
Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is a competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2.
Synonyms: Niacinamide; Nicotinic acid amide
Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity.
Phosphoramidon Disodium Salt is a metalloendopeptidase inhibitor.
Synonyms: L-Ascorbate; Vitamin C
L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor.
Theaflavin is a natural inhibitor targeting influenza A (H1N1) neuraminidase, a key enzyme involved in viral replication and spread. This endogenous metabolite demonstrates significant antiviral activity, making it a valuable reagent in research focused on influenza pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions. Its role in modulating viral behavior positions it as a promising compound for studies on respiratory viral infections.
Synonyms: 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone
11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone is an endogenous metabolite that functions as a potent inhibitor of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It also activates the human mineralocorticoid receptor in COS-7 cells with an effective dose (ED50) of 10 nM. This compound is valuable for research in steroid metabolism and endocrine regulation. Its dual activity makes it a useful tool for studying hormone signaling pathways and their physiological implications.
Synonyms: 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants which is an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase activity.
Synonyms: cis-Aconitic acid
(Z)-Aconitic acid serves as a potent inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase, facilitating the regulation of neurotransmitter levels. This compound has demonstrated the ability to reduce IκB-α phosphorylation, which may have implications in inflammatory response modulation. Additionally, (Z)-Aconitic acid has been shown to inhibit antigen-induced arthritis and monosodium urate-induced gout, highlighting its potential utility in studies related to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Synonyms: PPIX
Protoporphyrin IX is an endogenous metabolite and a potent cancer inhibitor, functioning primarily as a radiation sensitizer. It enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, even under hypoxic conditions, leading to increased DNA damage. As a photosensitizer, Protoporphyrin IX undergoes photobleaching upon light exposure, facilitating targeted cancer therapies. Research indicates its efficacy in treating basal cell carcinoma and offers promise for sonodynamic and photodynamic applications in various cancers, including bladder cancer.
Synonyms: Butanedioic acid; disodium salt; CCRIS 3700; Disodium succinate; Jantaran sodny; Soduxin; Disodium butanedioate
Sodium succinate dibasic is an inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. Sodium succinate dibasic is known to be a potent inhibitor of Met, Flt-1 (VEGFR1), Flk-1 (VEGFR2), Flt-3 (VEGFR3), Ron, and Tie-2. Sodium succinate dibasic has been observed to inhibit Met (c-Met)-driven tumor cell and non-c-Met driven tumor cell (HCT116 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation. This product has also been observed to effectively inhibit c-Met phosphorylation and its downstream signaling pathways in serum starved MKN45 cells, as well as inducing apoptosis in these cells.
7-Methylguanosine is a novel cNIIIB nucleotidase inhibitor with IC50 value of 87.8 ± 7.5µM.
Aminomalonic acid is an amino endogenous metabolite, acts as a strong inhibitor of L-asparagine synthetase from Leukemia 5178Y/AR (Ki= 0.0023 M) and mouse pancreas (Ki= 0.0015 M) in vitro.
Agmatine sulfate exerts modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, such as neurotransmitter systems, ion channels and nitric oxide synthesis. It is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptor and a NO synthase inhibitor.
Synonyms: Symmetric dimethylarginine; NG,NG'-Dimethyl-L-arginine
SDMA (Symmetric dimethylarginine) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity.
Synonyms: Cyclo(histidyl-proline); Histidylproline diketopiperazine
Cyclo(his-pro) (Cyclo(histidyl-proline)) is an orally active cyclic dipeptide structurally related to tyreotropin-releasing hormone. Cyclo(his-pro) could inhibit NF-κB nuclear accumulation.
3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle.
Teglicar is a selective and reversible inhibitor of liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (L-CPT1).
Synonyms: T-91485
Lapaquistat (T-91485), a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, is the active metabolite of TAK-475. Lapaquistat can decrease statin-induced myotoxicity in lipid-lowering therapy.
Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) inhibitor, effective inhibits (KGDHC) in muscle, bacterial, brain, and cultured human fibroblasts.
Urolithin B is one of the gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass.
Synonyms: Ginsenoside B2; Panaxoside Re; Sanchinoside Re
Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB.
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth.
DTHIB is a direct and selective heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) inhibitor with a Kd of 160 nM.
Synonyms: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid dihydrate; TUDCA dihydrate; UR 906 dihydrate
Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TDUCA) dihydrate is an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that significantly downregulates pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12. Additionally, it suppresses ERK signaling, contributing to its cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects.
Synonyms: L-(+)-Ergothioneine
Ergothioneine is an endogenous metabolite that acts as a potent antioxidant. It functions primarily as a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK and Akt, which are critical signaling pathways involved in cellular stress responses. Ergothioneine is utilized in research focused on neuroprotection, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress, making it a valuable compound for investigations into cellular resilience and health.
