Natural Products

Kirenol is a diterpenoid compound, an orally active apoptosis inducer and signaling pathway regulator, with a Kd value of 5.47 μM against the target CK2. Kirenol promotes the cleavage of Bid into tBid, regulates the protein levels/phosphorylation of Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and p21, and induces caspase-independent apoptosis, S-phase cell cycle arrest, ROS accumulation and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Kirenol activates the CK2/AKT and AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathways, inhibits the signaling of NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads and NLRP3 inflammasome, and regulates the GSK3β, BMP and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Kirenol induces autophagy, mitophagy and osteoblast differentiation, promotes mitochondrial fusion, and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, renoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and analgesic effects. Kirenol is applicable to research related to chronic myeloid leukemia, ischemic stroke, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, acute lung injury and osteoporosis.

Farrerol is a natural product derived from Rhododendron, primarily known for its diverse biological activities. It exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. This compound is valuable for research applications exploring cellular protection and treatment strategies for various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Polygalacin D3 is a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the roots of the balloon flower and acts as an apoptosis inducer. It demonstrates significant biological activity by inhibiting the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines through the blockade of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, Polygalacin D3 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, making it a valuable reagent for cancer research applications.

Communic acid is a natural compound derived from the branches of Platycladus orientalis. This compound demonstrates significant antimicrobial activity, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31 μM and an IC50 of 15 μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Additionally, Communic acid shows protective effects against UVB-induced skin aging, making it a valuable candidate for research in dermatology and infectious disease studies.

Egg oil, a natural oil rich in cholesterol, lecithin, and fatty acid glycerides, primarily targets gut microbiota. It has been shown to regulate gut microbial dysbiosis and alleviate conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on metabolic health and microbiome studies.

Yuanhuadin, a plant diterpenoid derived from Genkwa Flos Daphne genkwa, primarily targets the Akt/mTOR and EGFR signaling pathways. It exhibits significant antitumor activity by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptotic processes in cancer cells. This compound is valuable for researchers studying tumor biology, therapeutic interventions, and the underlying mechanisms of cancer progression.

(+)-Licarin is a natural compound derived from the leaves of Ocotea macrophylla Kunth and belongs to the class of octanoid neolignans. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is suitable for research applications in pharmacology and natural product chemistry, particularly in studies investigating therapeutic agents derived from plant sources.

Lupenone is a lupine-type triterpenoid that operates primarily through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways. It exhibits significant biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. This compound is valuable in research related to inflammation, viral infections, diabetes, and cancer therapeutics.

Tetrahydroalstonine is an indole alkaloid that acts as a selective antagonist of the α₂-adrenergic receptor. This compound demonstrates neuroprotective effects and has been shown to modulate autophagy-lysosomal function through the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Additionally, Tetrahydroalstonine significantly mitigates injury to primary cortical neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, making it a valuable tool for research into neuroprotection and cellular stress responses.

6'-Sialyllactose is a milk oligosaccharide known for its role in promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus while inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic strains. This compound exhibits notable anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, making it a valuable reagent for studying gut microbiota modulation and inflammatory responses. Additionally, 6'-Sialyllactose is linked to muscle health, providing insights into its potential applications in nutritional and biomedical research.

4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol-d8 is a deuterium-labeled analog of 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol, which acts as an estrogen receptor agonist and can bind competitively to thyroid hormone receptors. This compound is implicated in various biological activities including the promotion of glioblastoma through the upregulation of the EZH2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Additionally, chronic exposure may lead to lipid accumulation and dyslipidemia in liver tissues, potentially contributing to obesity at low doses. Research applications of 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol-d8 include studies on endocrine disruption, lipid metabolism disorders, and the investigation of inflammatory responses in the intestinal microbiome.

8-Prenylnaringenin is a prenyl flavonoid that primarily activates the PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. This compound is known to upregulate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes II, III, and V, along with Sirt1, while reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Its biological activities include ameliorating muscle atrophy, combating obesity, and inhibiting angiogenesis, as well as demonstrating anticancer properties against glioblastoma and colon cancer. Additionally, 8-prenylnaringenin plays a role in the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), making it relevant for bone health research.

Cannflavin B is a natural flavonoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with a primary mechanism as an inhibitor of PGE2 release, mPGES-1, and 5-lipoxygenase. This compound exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-ferroptosis, anti-tumor, and anti-Leishmania effects, with an IC50 of 14 μM for Leishmania. Additionally, Cannflavin B has been shown to inhibit the TrkB-BDNF signaling pathway, making it a valuable tool for research in inflammation and cancer biology.

6'-Sialyllactose sodium is a milk oligosaccharide that serves as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus while inhibiting harmful bacterial proliferation. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, making it relevant for research in gut health and immune modulation. Additionally, 6'-Sialyllactose sodium supports muscle health, offering potential applications in nutrition and fitness studies.

α-Solanine is a steroidal alkaloid extracted from Solanum nigrum, known for its ability to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. This bioactive compound demonstrates significant cytotoxic activity, making it a potential candidate for cancer research and therapeutic applications. Its mechanisms of action are of interest for studies focused on targeted cancer treatments and cellular signaling pathways.

Isorhapontigenin is a dietary polyphenol recognized for its potent antioxidant properties through the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is involved in multiple biological activities, including the induction of SESN2 transcription, which is mediated by JUN binding, along with the activation of MAPK8. Research applications extend to the study of tumor growth inhibition, cell invasion, and inflammatory responses, while also demonstrating effects on fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity. This compound is relevant for investigations into bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, and type 2 diabetes.

8-(6,7-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2E-octenyloxy)psoralen is a natural product derived from Citrus grandis that exhibits notable anti-inflammatory activity. Its primary mechanism involves inhibition of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, PGE2, and TNF-α. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on understanding the pathways of inflammation and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions.

(6R,7R)-Epoxy-1-oleanen-3-ol is a triterpenoid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. This compound effectively inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, as well as nitric oxide in LPS-activated murine neutrophils. Its biological activity makes (6R,7R)-Epoxy-1-oleanen-3-ol a valuable tool for research into inflammatory conditions.

Neral is a monoterpene compound that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. It functions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and it downregulates key inflammatory mediators including pro-IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, and NLRP-3. Neral's biological activities make it valuable for research in inflammation and cancer treatment strategies.

Ganoderic acid C1 is a natural product derived from Ganoderma lucidum, known for its ability to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in murine macrophages, specifically RAW 264.7 cells. This compound demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity and is valuable in research applications focused on immune modulation and cytokine regulation. Its effects on TNF-α production make it a relevant tool for studies investigating inflammatory responses and potential therapeutic strategies in related diseases.

Giraldoid B is a natural product known for its ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. This compound exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity, making it suitable for research applications focused on inflammation and immune response modulation. Its potential as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory diseases may warrant further investigation.

Ilexgenin A is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from Ilex hainanensis Merr. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, making it a valuable tool for research in inflammation-related diseases and cancer biology. Its potential to modulate signaling pathways involved in these conditions supports its use in various experimental studies within the life sciences.

Isoquinoline is a bicyclic aromatic compound primarily targeting alkaloid synthesis and functions. Isoquinoline-based alkaloids display significant biological activities, including anticancer properties, as observed in compounds like p-tolyl bisisoquinoline and phthaloyl isoquinoline. Additionally, berberine, a notable isoquinoline alkaloid, demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic models by modulating cytokine expression. Other derivatives of isoquinoline show potential in treating conditions related to depression, bacterial infections, malaria, and HIV.

N-acetyldopamine is a natural product and a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor. This catecholamine serves as a sclerotizing precursor in insects, facilitating the hardening of their cuticle. In vitro studies have demonstrated that N-acetyldopamine can reduce LPS-induced TNF-α secretion and superoxide production in THP-1 cells, making it valuable for research into inflammatory responses and cellular signaling pathways.

Kukoamine A is a spermine alkaloid that targets key enzymatic pathways, acting as an inhibitor of trypanothione reductase and lipoxygenase. This compound demonstrates significant biological activities, including the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration, as well as induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Kukoamine A also exerts neuroprotective effects and induces autophagy, making it valuable for research in cancer, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, as well as neurological diseases such as glioblastoma and Parkinson's disease. Its ability to modulate inflammatory responses further highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent in various diseases.

Curdione, a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, exhibits significant anti-platelet aggregation activity and plays a pivotal role in modulating ferroptosis in colorectal cancer through m6A methylation processes involving METTL14 and YTHDF2. This compound is effective in alleviating myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress via the Keap1/Trx1/GPX4 signaling pathway and mitigating Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Additionally, Curdione demonstrates protective properties against sepsis-induced lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and focal cerebral ischemia, while also exhibiting antiproliferative effects against human uterine leiomyosarcoma by targeting IDO1. Its modulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation further supports its vascular protective effects.

Talc is a naturally occurring mineral composed primarily of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. Due to its unique properties, it serves as an effective excipient and absorbent in various cosmetic formulations, including powders and foundations. Talc’s primary role is to enhance texture, reduce friction, and absorb moisture, making it valuable in both research and application settings in the cosmetic and personal care industries.

Mequinol (4-Methoxyphenol) primarily targets phenolic compounds and serves as an important bioactive agent in dermatological research. It exhibits antioxidant properties and demonstrates additive or synergistic effects on carcinogenesis when used in combination with other phenolic antioxidants. Additionally, Mequinol promotes the production of chaperones dependent on the estrogen receptor alpha, indicating potential estrogenic activity for various applications in cancer and skin health research.

Sennoside is an anthraquinone glycoside that functions as a stimulant laxative. It promotes gastrointestinal motility and secretory actions by activating 5-HT4 receptors in the myenteric plexus and inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase activity. This compound shows potential for research applications in chronic constipation and may facilitate investigations into gastrointestinal disorders.

Tetracosane (ALKANE C24) is a natural product derived from Acrostichum aureum. It has demonstrated cytotoxic activity and the ability to induce apoptosis in various cell types. Tetracosane is of interest in research related to peptic ulcers, contributing to the understanding of its therapeutic potential in gastrointestinal health.

Millepachine is a bioactive natural chalcone derived from Millettia pachycarpa Benth, demonstrating significant antitumor activity against various human cancer cell lines in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This compound serves as a valuable tool in cancer research, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies targeting tumor growth and proliferation. Its natural origin and potent biological effects make Millepachine a promising candidate for further investigation in cancer pharmacology.

Hydroxytyrosol acetate is a prodrug of Hydroxytyrosol, functioning primarily as a phenolic compound. Upon administration, it is converted into the active Hydroxytyrosol form, which has been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and enhance mitochondrial function, contributing to neuroprotective effects. This compound can induce apoptosis in cancer cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibits both antibacterial and antiviral properties. Hydroxytyrosol acetate is relevant for research into various diseases, including cancer, infections, inflammatory conditions, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and atherosclerosis.

2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone selectively targets protein tyrosine kinases, specifically v-src and pp60src. This natural compound, derived from Hedyotis diffusa WILLD, demonstrates significant inhibitory activity, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cancer cells. Its biological properties make it a valuable tool for cancer research and studies focused on kinase signaling pathways.

Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde known for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It exhibits antifungal activity against G. citri-aurantii, potentially through the disruption of cell membrane integrity, leading to cellular component leakage. Furthermore, Octanal demonstrates cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells, with an IC50 value of 3.5 μg/mL, making it a valuable compound for research in cell biology and pharmacology.

Clitorin is a flavonoid compound with potent antioxidant properties, primarily extracted from Carica papaya. Acting as an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and aromatase, Clitorin demonstrates significant anti-tumor activity. It exhibits IC50 values of 89.58 nM and 77.41 nM for EGFR and aromatase inhibition, respectively. Additionally, Clitorin influences lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, making it relevant for research related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nodosin is an orally active diterpenoid compound derived from Isodon serra. It exhibits potent anti-tumor activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Additionally, Nodosin provides protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, making it a valuable compound for research in cancer therapeutics and inflammation-related studies.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an orally active flavonoid metabolite that targets various biological pathways, including blood pressure regulation. This compound is known to inhibit ferroptosis by enhancing the expression of GPX4, thus demonstrating potential in mitigating spermatogenic dysfunction in aged mice. Furthermore, alterations in the levels of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid have been associated with certain health conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, making it a valuable reagent for research in metabolic and neurological studies.

Gallic acid hydrate is a bioactive phenolic acid known for its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and act as a free radical scavenger. This compound exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties. Gallic acid hydrate is utilized in various research applications related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer biology.

Grape seed extract is a natural product known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. It exhibits inhibitory effects on key fat-metabolizing enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase, contributing to lipid metabolism research. Additionally, grape seed extract has been shown to induce apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, making it relevant for studies in cancer biology and therapeutic development.

(-)-Alkannin is a potent apoptosis inducer, extracted from Alkanna tinctoria, and has demonstrated significant anticancer activity. It effectively arrests the cell cycle and triggers apoptotic processes in various cancer cell lines. Additionally, (-)-Alkannin contributes to the reduction of hepatic inflammation through modulation of the Rho-kinase pathway, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and inflammation studies.

Valepotriate, a natural product derived from Valeriana jatamansi Jones, exhibits significant anti-epileptic and anti-cancer properties. Its biological activity makes it a valuable compound for research applications focused on neurological disorders and cancer studies. Further investigation into its mechanisms may provide insights into therapeutic development.

Morin is a plant-derived flavonoid that primarily targets the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with an IC50 of 15 μM, while also activating the insulin receptor. Morin exhibits detoxifying properties and is utilized in various research applications, including studies related to diabetes, leukemia, colon cancer, cervical cancer, Parkinson's disease, and hypertension.

Gum Arabic is a complex branched polysaccharide derived from the Acacia senegal tree, primarily functioning as a stabilizer and thickener in various applications. This biologically active compound upregulates the expression of maturation markers such as CD86, CD40, and CD54, enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and exhibits anti-apoptotic properties. It has demonstrated antimalarial effects against Plasmodium berghei ANKA, as well as hepatoprotective, renal, and cardiovascular protective activities. Additionally, Gum Arabic has potential implications in obesity research and can be utilized in studies related to brain tumor imaging.

Rutin hydrate is a flavonoid glycoside known for its diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. It has demonstrated the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, making it a valuable compound in neurological research. Rutin hydrate has been shown to mitigate vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis by inhibiting apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, highlighting its potential in renal and neuroprotective studies.

Eremofortin B is a sesquiterpenoid compound with demonstrated activity as a potent inhibitor of fungal growth. This compound exhibits significant biological effects, making it a valuable tool for research in mycology and potential applications in antifungal drug development. Its ability to disrupt cellular processes in fungi highlights its relevance for investigating new therapeutic agents against fungal infections.

Neobulgarone C is an anthraquinone derivative derived from the fungus Neobulgaria pura HA A07-97. It is primarily known for its ability to inhibit the formation of appressorium in Magnaporthe grisea, a significant pathogen in plant biology. Additionally, Neobulgarone C exhibits weak cytotoxicity while demonstrating a lack of antifungal, antibacterial, or phytotoxic activity. This compound is relevant for research applications focused on plant-pathogen interactions and the study of fungal biology.

Neobulgarone D is an anthraquinone derivative derived from Neobulgaria pura HA A07-97, a member of the ascomycetes class. This compound effectively inhibits appressorium formation in the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, making it valuable in studies related to plant pathology. Additionally, Neobulgarone D exhibits low cytotoxicity and lacks antifungal, antibacterial, or phytotoxic effects, positioning it as a suitable reagent for research applications focused on fungal biology and pathogen interactions.

Phaseollinisoflavan is an antifungal isoflavonoid known for its role as a phytoalexin. It exhibits potent antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth of various fungal pathogens. This compound is particularly useful in research focused on plant defense mechanisms and the development of antifungal agents in agricultural applications.

(+)-Isopinocampheol is a naturally occurring oxygenated monoterpenoid that plays a significant role in the chemical ecology of bark beetles by serving as a cue for attraction and aggregation. This compound exhibits key biological activities related to insect behavior and can be utilized in research focused on chemical communication in entomology and ecology. Its unique properties make it a valuable reagent for studies investigating the interaction between bark beetles and their environment.

Neobulgarone E is an anthraquinone derivative isolated from Neobulgaria pura HA A07-97, an ascomycete fungus. This compound effectively inhibits the formation of appressoria in Magnaporthe grisea, making it a valuable tool for research on fungal development and pathogenesis. Notably, Neobulgarone E exhibits minimal cytotoxicity and lacks antifungal, antibacterial, or phytotoxic effects, highlighting its specificity in targeting fungal processes without adversely affecting other biological systems.