Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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PARP-1 Inhibitor
DPQ is a selective inhibitor of PARP-1, effectively blocking PARP-1-mediated DNA repair mechanisms and reducing the consumption of NAD+ and ATP. This inhibition leads to a decrease in NF-κB pathway activation, resulting in lowered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, along with a reduction in oxidative stress levels. DPQ is applicable in research focused on inflammation-related conditions including acute lung injury, myocardial infarction, and neurodegenerative diseases. -
C/EBPβ Inhibitor
Helenalin acetate is a potent C/EBPβ inhibitor that also functions as a natural NF-κB inhibitor. It exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, making it a valuable tool for research into inflammatory diseases and cancer biology. This compound can be utilized in studies aimed at understanding the regulation of gene expression mediated by C/EBPβ and its role in various pathological conditions. -
Anti-Diabetic Drug
Gliquidone is an anti-diabetic agent that primarily targets pancreatic β-cells to enhance insulin secretion, thereby helping regulate blood glucose levels. It has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects by reducing LPS-induced proinflammatory responses and inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK, STAT3, and NF-κB in BV2 microglial cells. Additionally, Gliquidone effectively suppresses microgliosis and microglial hypertrophy while lowering levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and IL-6, in murine models. Furthermore, Gliquidone exhibits anticancer activity against lung carcinoma cells and possesses antioxidant properties, making it valuable for research in type 2 diabetes and cancer. -
IGF-1R Agonist
Ginsenoside Rg5 is a potent IGF-1R agonist primarily derived from Red ginseng. It functions by competing at the IGF-1 binding site on IGF-1R, effectively obstructing IGF-1's interaction and exhibiting an IC50 of approximately 90 nM. Additionally, Ginsenoside Rg5 downregulates COX-2 mRNA expression through inhibition of NF-κB p65 DNA binding activities, making it valuable for research into inflammation and metabolic regulation. -
Multifunctional Bioactive Compound
Gypenoside XLIX is a multifunctional bioactive compound derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exhibiting a binding affinity (Ka) of 1.58 μM for SIRT1. This compound functions as a PPAR-α agonist and has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties through the activation of the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Gypenoside XLIX effectively inhibits the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, reduces reactive oxygen species accumulation, and ameliorates various conditions including sepsis-induced liver, kidney, and splenic injuries. Its applications extend to studies on acute liver injury, cardiomyopathy, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, and chronic inflammation, making it a valuable tool for research in diverse biological contexts. -
COX-1/cAMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor
Triflusal is a dual inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cAMP phosphodiesterase, which penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It effectively inhibits platelet aggregation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and prostaglandin synthesis in ischemic tissues. Additionally, Triflusal enhances neutrophil nitric oxide production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity. This compound is valuable for investigating thromboembolic and ischemic diseases of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, as well as Alzheimer's disease pathology. -
Nrf2 Activator
Raffinose serves as an Nrf2 activator and is known for its ability to modulate intestinal flora. It inhibits the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway while promoting Nrf2 signaling, contributing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This compound is orally active and is valuable in research applications focusing on inflammation and oxidative stress. -
Bortezomib Enantiomer
(1S,2S)-Bortezomib is a selective proteasome inhibitor with a high affinity for the 20S proteasome, exhibiting a Ki of 0.6 nM. This compound disrupts the cell cycle and induces apoptosis by targeting a threonine residue, ultimately leading to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling. As an enantiomer of Bortezomib, it serves crucial roles in anti-cancer research applications, providing insights into therapeutic strategies that exploit proteasome inhibition in malignancies. -
COX Inhibitor
Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) is a COX-2 inhibitor that modulates multiple molecular pathways to induce apoptosis. This Curcumin analog exhibits notable oral bioactivity and suppresses key angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, PGV-1 inhibits NF-κB activation, highlighting its potential in cancer research and therapeutic applications targeting inflammation and tumor progression. -
Eupatilin Derivative
Recoflavone, a synthetic derivative of the flavonoid eupatilin, primarily targets the NF-κB signaling pathway. It exhibits significant biological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, as well as providing protective properties for gastric and intestinal mucosa. Additionally, Recoflavone promotes secretion in the ocular surface and salivary glands. This compound is valuable for researching conditions such as dry eye, gastric injuries, and intestinal injuries. -
Stable Isotope
12-HETE-d8 is a deuterated form of 12-HETE, a significant metabolite of arachidonic acid produced via 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) catalysis. This compound plays a critical role in modulating cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, facilitating the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway. 12-HETE-d8 serves as a valuable tool in research focusing on its dual anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects, as well as its function as a neuromodulator in various biological contexts. -
Stable Isotope
Sodium propionate-13C is a stable isotope of the short-chain fatty acid sodium propionate, which acts primarily through the activation of PPAR-γ and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including induction of apoptosis and autophagy, as well as reductions in COX-2 expression and nitric oxide production. Key research applications include investigating its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, along with its potential anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Additionally, sodium propionate-13C can be utilized in studies focused on spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease. -
Slow-releasing H2S Donor
FW1256 is a phenyl analogue and a slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. This compound inhibits NF-κB activity, leading to the induction of apoptosis in various cell types. FW1256 demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory properties and shows promise for applications in the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. -
Stable Isotope
Sodium propionate-d5, a deuterated form of sodium propionate, primarily acts as a stable isotope label in metabolic studies. This short-chain fatty acid is produced by intestinal bacteria through dietary fiber metabolism and enhances PPAR-γ, while inhibiting NF-κB activation, COX-2 expression, and nitric oxide production. Sodium propionate-d5 displays biological activities such as inducing apoptosis and autophagy, along with potential neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It serves as a valuable tool for investigating conditions such as spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and glioblastoma. -
Autophagy Inducer
Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that acts as an autophagy inducer. It is derived from the root of Sanguinaria canadensis and can stimulate apoptosis through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The pro-apoptotic effects of sanguinarine are linked to the activation of the JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and cellular stress responses. -
NF-κB Inhibitor
2′-Hydroxychalcone is a hydroxyl derivative of chalcones that primarily inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway. It has demonstrated significant anticancer activity, inducing autophagy and apoptosis specifically in breast cancer cells. Additionally, 2′-Hydroxychalcone exhibits enhanced antifungal properties against Paracoccidioides spp., making it a valuable reagent for cancer and fungal research applications. -
Stable Isotope
Sodium propionate-d3 is a deuterium-labeled form of sodium propionate, a short-chain fatty acid that functions as a stable isotope. It selectively enhances PPAR-γ activation while inhibiting NF-κB activation, reducing COX-2 expression and nitric oxide production. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including apoptosis induction and autophagy promotion, along with neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Sodium propionate-d3 is valuable in research applications related to spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and the treatment of glioblastoma, as well as in studying viral infections such as HSV-1-induced keratitis. -
NF-κB Inhibitor/Nrf2/AMPK Activator
Panduratin A is a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, recognized for its significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It demonstrates protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by Colistin, primarily by mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing mitochondrial function. Additionally, Panduratin A activates autophagy through an AMPK-dependent mechanism and exhibits potential anti-tuberculosis and antiviral activities by inhibiting the methyltransferase of SARS-CoV-2. These diverse biological activities make Panduratin A a valuable tool in various areas of research, including inflammation, cellular stress responses, and infectious diseases. -
Stable Isotope
Laquinimod-d5 is a deuterium-labeled variant of Laquinimod, a potent immunomodulator primarily targeting neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. This compound effectively reduces astrocytic NF-κB activation, offering protection against demyelination induced by Cuprizone. Laquinimod-d5 is intended for research applications exploring relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive forms of multiple sclerosis, as well as various neurodegenerative diseases. -
Molecular probe
AMC-01 is a molecular probe that specifically regulates the activity of eIF2-α. It induces the activation of protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) and enhances nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Additionally, AMC-01 functions to inhibit apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for investigating cellular stress responses and signaling pathways in various research applications. -
Anticancer Agent
(-)-Hinesol primarily functions as a potent anticancer agent. It induces apoptosis and causes cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. This compound downregulates the MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways, influencing the expression of key proteins such as cyclin D1, Bax, and Bcl-2. (-)-Hinesol shows significant potential for the research of non-small cell lung cancer. -
IRAK4 Inhibitor
Emavusertib hydrochloride is an orally active inhibitor targeting IRAK4, with an IC50 of 57 nM, and FLT3. This compound effectively inhibits NF-κB and MyD88 signaling pathways, resulting in decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties make it a valuable tool for cancer research, as it promotes apoptosis in cancer cells and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in mouse model studies. -
Immunomodulator
Laquinimod sodium is a potent immunomodulator targeting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. This orally available carboxamide derivative effectively reduces astrocytic NF-κB activation, offering protection against Cuprizone-induced demyelination. Laquinimod sodium is applicable in research focused on relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive forms of multiple sclerosis, as well as in studies of various neurodegenerative diseases. -
Cereblon Modulator
Avadomide hydrochloride is an oral cereblon modulator that targets cereblon E3 ligase activity. By inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and arresting the cell cycle at the G1 phase, it effectively induces apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. This compound demonstrates significant antitumor and immunomodulatory properties, making it a valuable reagent for cancer research applications. -
Apoptosis Inducer
Apoptosis Inducer 46 targets apoptotic pathways to induce cell death selectively in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. It demonstrates potent growth inhibitory effects, specifically causing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, Apoptosis Inducer 46 inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, highlighting its potential for research applications in the study of TNBC. -
Antioxidant
Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant primarily targeting NF-κB, leading to the down-regulation of VEGF in blood glucose regulation. This carotenoid exhibits significant anti-cancer properties by inhibiting cell proliferation, enhancing apoptosis, and preventing migration and invasion through PPARγ activation and STAT3 expression reduction. Additionally, astaxanthin demonstrates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities, making it applicable in various research fields, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, as well as in the enhancement of animal feed coloration. -
Short-chain Fatty Acid
Sodium propionate is a short-chain fatty acid with multiple biological activities, primarily functioning as an oral bioactive compound. It enhances PPAR-γ activity while inhibiting NF-κB activation, leading to reduced COX-2 expression and nitric oxide production. Additionally, sodium propionate has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis and autophagy, exhibit anticancer effects against glioblastoma, and provide neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This compound is suitable for research applications in areas such as spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease. -
TLR7/8 Antagonist
Afimetoran is a selective and highly bioavailable antagonist of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). It effectively inhibits TLR7/8-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and can reverse TLR7-induced resistance to steroid-driven apoptosis in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This compound is particularly relevant for research into inflammation and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. -
Vascular Function Regulator
12-HETE is a significant metabolite of arachidonic acid produced via 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) catalysis, functioning as a vascular function regulator. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of cell apoptosis and promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway. Additionally, 12-HETE has been shown to possess both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects, as well as neuromodulatory properties, making it valuable for research in vascular biology and related therapeutic areas. -
TRIP13 Inhibitor
DCZ0415 is a potent inhibitor of TRIP13, interfering with the nonhomologous end joining DNA repair mechanism and inhibiting NF-κB activity. This compound exhibits significant anti-myeloma activity in vitro, in vivo, and in primary cells obtained from drug-resistant myeloma patients, making it a valuable tool for research into therapeutic strategies against multiple myeloma. Its mechanism of action offers insights into the role of TRIP13 in cancer biology and the potential for targeted therapies. -
TLR2/4 Inhibitor
Robinin is a flavonoid that acts as an inhibitor of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2/4), modulating the TGF-β, TLR4/NF-κB, and TLR2-PI3k-AKT signaling pathways. This compound demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Additionally, Robinin has been shown to enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of Methotrexate in experimental arthritis models and may mitigate cardiac toxicity induced by Doxorubicin. These attributes make Robinin a valuable reagent for research applications in inflammation and cancer therapy. -
Mucolytic Agent
Carbocisteine is an orally active mucolytic agent primarily targeting the modulation of mucous viscosity in respiratory conditions. It inhibits the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2, and further regulates the interplay between Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways. Additionally, carbocisteine has demonstrated anti-apoptotic properties. This reagent is primarily utilized in research related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). -
ACE/IKK-β/PKC Inhibitor
Plantainoside D is a phenylethanoid glycoside that functions primarily as an inhibitor of IKK-β, with additional inhibitory effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and protein kinase C (PKC). It exhibits significant biological activities, including the reduction of glutamate release in the rat cerebral cortex, alleviating cell apoptosis through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB activation. Additionally, Plantainoside D has been shown to improve outcomes in acute lung injury induced by sepsis via modulation of the Sirt3/NLRP3 signaling pathway. This compound is applicable in studies of neuroprotection, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory responses, and antihypertensive effects. -
TREM-1 Inhibitor
Nangibotide is a synthetic peptide that serves as a TREM-1 receptor inhibitor. By inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Nangibotide effectively reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-8 and mitigates apoptosis. This reagent is valuable for research applications related to excessive inflammatory responses, including studies on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, septic shock, acute lung injury, osteoarthritis, and acute liver failure. Additionally, Nangibotide offers protective effects on tissues, such as the liver and lung, during inflammatory conditions. -
Bioactive Peptide
MOTS-c (human) is a bioactive peptide derived from mitochondria that modulates the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity. This peptide inhibits the folate cycle and de novo purine synthesis, elevating AICAR levels to activate AMPK, which regulates the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway and suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. MOTS-c promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism, resulting in improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-oxidative stress, and neuroprotection. It is applicable in research studying type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory diseases, and age-related metabolic disorders. -
Prolyl-hydroxylase Inhibitor
Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is a competitive inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, effectively penetrating the blood-brain barrier. By inhibiting the hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), it stabilizes HIF-1α, thereby activating downstream pathways that promote autophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. Additionally, it modulates inflammatory responses, inhibits the NF-κB pathway, enhances vascular permeability, and supports osteoblast differentiation. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is beneficial for research applications focused on cancer therapeutics, cardiovascular protection, bone metabolism regulation, and high-altitude cerebral edema management. -
Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Inhibitor
CPUY192018 is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.63 µM. This compound demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by activating the Nrf2-dependent pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB-related inflammatory response. CPUY192018 is ideal for research applications focused on inflammation-related diseases and the modulation of oxidative stress. -
Anticancer/Antiparasitic Agents
Bruceine A, a natural quassinoid, primarily targets NF-κB and PFKFB4, demonstrating a Kd of 44 nM. This compound exhibits potent anticancer and antiparasitic activities, effectively inhibiting cancer cell migration and inducing apoptosis while also disrupting the cell cycle. Bruceine A is a valuable research tool for studying pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and parasitic infections. -
Anti-inflammatory agent
Hederacoside C is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that targets the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. It exerts its biological activity by inhibiting the activation of this pathway, resulting in a reduction of inflammation. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, Hederacoside C also demonstrates antibacterial activity, making it a valuable compound for research applications focused on inflammatory diseases and infections. -
Stable Isotope
Salicylic acid-d6 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of salicylic acid, serving as a stable isotope for research applications. It functions primarily by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity while bypassing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). This compound is useful in studies exploring inflammation, pain pathways, and the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory agents. -
Antibiotic
Tylvalosin is a macrolide antibiotic that exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Primarily utilized as an antiviral agent, Tylvalosin is effective in studying Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection. This compound also induces apoptosis and possesses anti-inflammatory properties, helping to mitigate oxidative stress and acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Its diverse biological activities make Tylvalosin valuable for research in infectious diseases and inflammation. -
Antioxidant Agent
α-Lipoic Acid sodium is a potent antioxidant that serves as a crucial cofactor for mitochondrial enzyme complexes. It effectively inhibits NF-κB-dependent activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells. This compound can be utilized in conjunction with CPUL1 to form the self-assembled nanoaggregate CPUL1-LA NA, which demonstrates enhanced antitumor efficacy compared to CPUL1 alone. -
NF-κB Inhibitor
Dendrophenol is a potent NF-κB inhibitor known for its ability to suppress inflammatory responses. This compound exhibits significant cytotoxic effects against tumor cells, promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby demonstrating antitumor activity. Furthermore, Dendrophenol has been shown to inhibit vascular calcification through the suppression of WNT3/β-catenin activation, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer and vascular biology. -
Antibiotic
Tylvalosin tartrate is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic primarily targeting bacterial infections. This compound exhibits significant antimicrobial activity and is effective in studying Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infections. Additionally, Tylvalosin tartrate induces apoptosis, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, relieves oxidative stress, and mitigates acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation. It serves as a valuable tool for research into viral pathogenesis and cellular responses. -
Stable Isotope
α-Lipoic Acid-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of α-Lipoic Acid, which acts as a potent antioxidant and a crucial cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes. It effectively inhibits NF-κB-dependent activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), thereby contributing to antiviral research. In addition, α-Lipoic Acid has been demonstrated to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells, making it valuable for studies on cellular stress responses and cancer therapy. -
Plant Essential Oil Composition
Estragole (4-Allylanisole) is a volatile terpenoid ether primarily found in the essential oils of various plants. It exhibits significant biological activities, including the induction of apoptosis and the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, Estragole activates the Nrf-2 pathway and modulates NF-κB signaling, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Its pharmacological properties also include anti-toxoplasma activity and the potential to improve gastric ulcer outcomes while inhibiting dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron excitability. -
Purine Nucleoside Analog
N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine is a purine nucleoside analog that targets the NF-κB/Smad signaling pathway. This compound demonstrates significant biological activities, including anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, it exhibits insecticidal properties, making it relevant for various research applications in pharmacology and toxicology. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine is noted for its oral bioactivity. -
Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory Agent
S-Allylmercaptocysteine is an organic sulfur compound that acts as both an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. This compound exhibits significant efficacy in various pulmonary diseases by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. S-Allylmercaptocysteine also demonstrates potential anti-cancer activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells via the TGF-β signaling pathway, while modulating NF-κB activity and up-regulating Nrf2 to enhance its therapeutic effects. -
Anti-Inflammory Agent
Taraxerol is a natural triterpenoid isolated from Taraxacum mongolicum, primarily functioning as an anti-inflammatory agent. It exerts its biological activity by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, effectively reducing acute inflammation. Additionally, Taraxerol has shown potential in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, making it a valuable compound for research in inflammation and cancer biology. -
NF-κB Expression Reducer, ERK 1/2 Activator, Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Modulator, Calcium Channel Inhibitor
Eupatorin is a flavonoid that functions primarily as an NF-κB expression reducer and an ERK 1/2 activator, while also modulating beta-adrenergic receptors and inhibiting calcium channels. It demonstrates significant antiproliferative and vasodilatory effects, inducing apoptosis and causing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, alongside reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Eupatorin has been shown to impact inflammatory mediators and calcium signaling pathways, making it relevant for research in breast cancer, hypertension, and leukemia. Metabolized by CYP1A1 and other CYP1 enzymes, Eupatorin yields bioactive metabolites that maintain antiproliferative properties.
