PI3K

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂) to generate the second messenger phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P₃). The production of PI(3,4,5)P₃ facilitates the recruitment and activation of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain–containing proteins at the plasma membrane, thereby initiating downstream signaling cascades essential for cellular proliferation, survival, and migration.

PI3Ks are divided into three major classes, among which Class I PI3Ks are most prominently implicated in cancer biology. Class I enzymes comprise four distinct catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ.

Class IA PI3Ks, the subclass most commonly associated with oncogenic signaling, function as heterodimeric lipid kinases composed of a catalytic p110 subunit (p110α, p110β, or p110δ, encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD, respectively) and a regulatory p85 subunit.

The PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in diverse biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cellular growth, survival, actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, migration, and intracellular vesicular trafficking.

Frequently Asked Questions
What is PI3K?
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol lipids to regulate cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immune signaling. PI3K activation leads to downstream AKT and mTOR pathway signaling. Aberrant PI3K signaling is frequently observed in cancer due to PIK3CA mutations, PTEN loss, or receptor tyrosine kinase activation.
What are the different PI3K isoforms?
Class I PI3Ks include four catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα (PIK3CA) PI3Kβ (PIK3CB) PI3Kδ (PIK3CD) PI3Kγ (PIK3CG) PI3Kα and β are broadly expressed, while PI3Kδ and γ are enriched in leukocytes and play critical roles in immune regulation. Isoform selectivity is an important consideration in drug development due to toxicity and immune effects.
What are the major types of PI3K inhibitors?
PI3K inhibitors can be classified as: Pan-PI3K inhibitors Isoform-selective inhibitors (α, β, δ, γ) Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors Irreversible inhibitors Selectivity influences therapeutic window and toxicity profile.
How do PI3K inhibitors differ from mTOR inhibitors?
While PI3K inhibitors block upstream lipid kinase activity, mTOR inhibitors act downstream at the level of mTORC1 or mTORC2. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors target both nodes of the pathway and may achieve broader pathway suppression.

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  1. PI3K/HDAC inhibitor

    CUDC-907 (Fimepinostat) is a single small molecule inhibitor that targets both PI3K and HDAC. CUDC-907 is more efficacious than either a single PI3K or HDAC inhibitor reference compound or a combination of the two single agents at maximally tolerated doses.
  2. DNA-PK inhibitor

    NU-7441 (KU-57788) is a potent and selective DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitor. The IC50 values are 14, 1700, 5000, >100000 and >100000 nM for DNA-PK, mTOR, PI 3-K, ATM and ATR respectively.
  3. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI-103 is a potent, cell-permeable, ATP-competitive inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family members with selectivity toward DNA-PK, PI3K (p110α), and mTOR.
  4. PI3K Inhibitor

    LY294002 is a PI3k inhibitor (cell IC50 about 10 μM) and a casein kinase II inhibitor.
  5. ATR inhibitor

    ETP-46464 is a potent and selective inhibitor of ATR with IC50 of 25 nM.
  6. PI3Kα/PI3Kδ inhibitor

    AZD8835 is a potent and selective inhibitor of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ with IC50 of 5.7 nM and 6.2 nM, with selectivity against PI3Kβ (IC50 431 nM) and PI3Kγ (IC50 90 nM).
  7. mTOR/PI3K Inhibitor

    GSK1059615 is a potent, reversible, ATP-competitive, thiazolidinedione inhibitor of PI3Kα (IC50 = 2 nM).
  8. mTOR/PI3K Inhibitor

    GDC-0980 (RG7422) is a selective, potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of Class I PI3 kinase and mTOR kinase (TORC1/2) with in vitro IC50 of 5, 27, 7 and 14 nM for p110 α, β, δ and γ isoforms, respectively.
  9. PI3K inhibitor

    AZD6482 is a PI3Kbeta inhibitor (IC50=0.021M) used in antithrombotic therapy.
  10. PI3K Inhibitor

    BKM120 (NVP-BKM120) is a bioavailable specific oral pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) kinase inhibitor.
  11. PI3K inhibitor

    CAL-101 is an isoform-selective inhibitor of PI3K that induces apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells.
  12. PI3K Inhibitor

    TGX-221 is a potent, selective, and cell permeable inhibitor of PI3K p110β.
  13. PI3K inhibitor

    CZC24832 is a selective inhibitor of PI 3-Kinase γ (IC50 = 1.0 μM in a PI 3-Kγ-dependent fMLP-induced neutrophil migration assay).
  14. PI3K inhibitor

    GDC-0941 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of class I PI3 kinase (PI3K) , with IC50 values (nM) of 3, 33, 3, 75, 1230 and 580 for p110 α, β, δ and γ isoforms, DNA-PK and mTOR respectively.
  15. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor

    BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235) inhibits PI3K and mTOR kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding cleft of these enzymes.
  16. PI3K Inhibitor

    YM201636 is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of PIKfyve (IC50 = 33 nM).
  17. Autophagy/PI3K Inhibitor

    3-Methyladenine is an inhibitor of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase).
  18. PI3K Inhibitor

    HS-173, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, has anti-tumor activity through promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis.
  19. PI3K Inhibitor

    BLY719 is an orally bioavailable phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity.
  20. p110δ inhibitor

    PI-3065 is a small molecule and selective inhibitor of p110δ kinase with an Ki value of 1.5nM and IC50 value of 5nM
  21. PI3K Inhibitor

    PIK-75 is an imidazopyridine that selectively inhibits p110α with an IC50 value of 5.8 nM.2 It inhibits p110γ and p110β considerably less effectively with IC50 values of 0.076 μM and 1.3 μM, respectively.
  22. PI3K inhibitor

    ZSTK474 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase isoforms.
  23. PI3K Inhibitor

    GSK2636771 is a potent, orally bioavailable, PI3K beta-selective inhibitor.
  24. MAO-B inhibitor

    Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.
  25. PI3K inhibitor

    BAY 80-6946 is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity.
  26. PI3K inhibitor

    SF2523 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of PI3K with IC50s of 34 nM, 158 nM, 9 nM, 241 nM and 280 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, DNA-PK, BRD4 and mTOR, respectively.
  27. PI3K inhibitor

    Wortmannin is a potent, selective, cell-permeable and irreversible inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) (IC50 = 2 - 4 nM) which also potently inhibits polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) (IC50 = 5.8 nM).

  28. PI3K Inhibitor

    XL147 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity.
  29. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor

    PF-04691502 is a PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor, is also an agent targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway.
  30. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    Gedatolisib (PKI-587) is a highly potent PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor that inhibits PI3K-α,β,γ, δ isoforms and mTOR with IC50 of 0.4, 6.0, 5.4, 6.0 and 1.6 nM respectively.

     
  31. PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor

    Samotolisib (LY3023414) is an oral ATP competitive inhibitor of the class I PI3K isoforms, mTOR and DNA-PK, extracted from patent WO/2012097039A1, compound example 1, has an IC50 of 64.9 nM, 42.1 nM, 10.6 nM, 19.1 nM for Akt1(pT308), Akt1 (pS473), P70S6(pT389), S6RP(pS240/242).

  32. PI3K-δ/PI3K-γ inhibitor

    IPI-145, also known as INK-1197, is an orally bioavailable, highly selective and potent small molecule inhibitor of the delta and gamma isoforms of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities.
  33. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    VS-5584 is a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.
  34. Pan PI3K inhibitor

    SF1126 is a water soluble, small-molecule prodrug containing the pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY294002/SF1101 conjugated to the RGD-containing tetra-peptide SF1174 with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities.
  35. PI3K inhibitor

    GDC-0032 is a potent, next-generation PI3 inhibitor targeting PI3 alpha.
  36. PI3K inhibitor

    PF-4989216 is a potent and selective PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2 nM, 142 nM, 65 nM, 1 nM, and 110 nM for p110α, p110β, p110γ, p110δ, and VPS34, respectively.
  37. PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor

    PF-04979064 is a highly potent and orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor.
  38. PI3Kδ inhibitor

    GS-9901 is a highly selective and orally active PI3Kδ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1 nM. Has potential to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
  39. PI3K inhibitor

    NVP-BGT226, novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mTOR dual inhibitor, displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against human head and neck cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

  40. PI3K inhibitor

    CH5132799 is a novel class I PI3K inhibitor, which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity especially against PI3Kα (IC(50)=0.014 μM).

  41. PI3K inhibitor

    CAY10505 is a potent inhibitor of PI3K, selectively inhibiting the γ isoform (IC50 = 30 nM) better than the α, β, and δ isoforms (IC50 = 0.94, 20, and 20 μM, respectively).

  42. PI3K Inhibitor

    AS-604850 inhibited MCP-1-mediated monocyte chemotaxis with an IC50 value of 21 µM and reduced RANTES-induced peritoneal neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of leukocyte chemotaxis with an ED50 value of 42.4 mg/kg.

  43. PI3K Inhibitor

    D-106669 is a highly potent and selective PI3K inhibitor, (PI3Kα IC50 <10 nM, >3 log selectivity against tyrosine or serine/threonine kinases, except ERK1 and 2).

  44. A66

    PI3K inhibitor

    The S-enantiomer of A66 is a potent inhibitor of the p110alpha isoform of PI 3-kinase (PIK3CA).
  45. PI3K Inhibitor

    PP121 is a dual inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) (IC50 < 0.02 μM for Abl, Src, VEGFR-2 and PDGFR) and PI 3-K family kinases (IC50 < 0.06 μM for p110α, DNA-PK and mTOR).
  46. PI3K inhibitor

    PX-866 is a small-molecule wortmannin analogue inhibitor of the alpha, gamma, and delta isoforms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity.
  47. dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor

    Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) is a dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 4, 75, 7, 5 nM for PI3Kα, β, γ, δ, respectively. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  48. PI3Kα/δ inhibitor

    Pictilisib dimethanesulfonate (GDC-0941 dimethanesulfonate) is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα/δ with IC50 of 3 nM, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold).
  49. PI3K/PDK-1 Inhibitor

    NVP-BAG956 acts as a potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive PI 3-K/PDK1 dual kinase inhibitor, displaying much reduced potency against VEGFR1 (IC50 = 2.56 uM) and little or no activity toward a panel of 15 other kinases (IC50 >10 uM).
  50. PI3K inhibitor

    TG 100713 is an inhibitor of PI3-kinase that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation.

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