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Nucleoside analogs and antimetabolites are modified nucleosides resembling the natural building blocks of DNA and RNA. Changes to the base or the sugar let them interfere with nucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. After phosphorylation in cells, many are incorporated into DNA or RNA, or inhibit polymerases and cause chain termination. Cytarabine hydrochloride, which carries an arabinose sugar, is used to study inhibition of DNA synthesis. Zalcitabine, a dideoxynucleoside, is used in research on viral reverse transcriptase. The category also covers naturally modified nucleosides such as 3-methylcytidine and N6,N6-dimethyladenosine. These serve as reference compounds in studies of RNA modification and DNA damage.
Synonyms: 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine; ddC; Dideoxycytidine
Zalcitabine is a potent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV infection.
7-Methylguanosine is a novel cNIIIB nucleotidase inhibitor with IC50 value of 87.8 ± 7.5µM.
Synonyms: CI-972.
CI 972 is a potent, orally active, and competitive inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) (Ki=0.83 μM) under development as a T cell-selective immunosuppressive agent.
Synonyms: 5'-Isobutylthioadenosine; 5'-Deoxy-5'-isobutylthioadenosine
SIBA selectively inhibits spermine synthase, IC50=8 uM.
Synonyms: BCX-1777 freebase; BCX1777; Immucillin-H
Forodesine(BCX-1777 freebase; Immucillin-H) is an orally bioavailable PNP inhibitor with picomolar potency; induces apoptosis, mainly in T cells.
Synonyms: BCX-1777; Immucillin-H hydrochloride
Forodesine hydrochloride (BCX-1777) is a highly potent and specific purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor.
Adenosine dialdehyde is a purine nucleoside analogue and a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), with a Ki of 3.3 nM. By inhibiting SAHH, it disrupts methylation-dependent processes, contributing to its demonstrated anti-tumor activity in vivo. Adenosine dialdehyde is a valuable tool in cancer research, particularly in studies targeting epigenetic regulation and methylation pathways.
Synonyms: NSC 126849
3-Deazauridine is a uridine analogue that serves as a competitive inhibitor of cytidine triphosphate synthase, thus disrupting the biosynthesis of cytidine-5'-triphosphate. This compound demonstrates synergistic effects with various antineoplastic agents, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. 3-Deazauridine is primarily utilized in cancer research to investigate its potential as a biological response modifier.
2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-N4-Fmoc-5-methylcytidine 3'-CE-phosphoramidite is a cytidine analog that acts as an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases. This compound is valuable for research applications in epigenetics and cancer biology, displaying potential anti-metabolic and anti-tumor activities. Its ability to modify DNA methylation patterns makes it a useful tool in studies aimed at understanding gene regulation and cellular responses.
RAPT-37-Me is a selective GCN2 inhibitor that demonstrates potent activity with an IC50 of 0.002 μM for GCN2, alongside higher IC50 values of more than 10 μM for PERK, 4.40 μM for HRl, and 1.31 μM for PKR. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on the integrated stress response and its implications in various diseases, offering insights into GCN2-mediated signaling pathways. It is particularly relevant for studies investigating therapeutic interventions that modulate cellular stress responses.
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HD202A is a selective dual inhibitor of MNK1 and MNK2, exhibiting IC50 values of 6.09 nM and 8.06 nM, respectively. This compound effectively inhibits the MNK-eIF4E signaling pathway, leading to downregulation of perilipin 2 and SCD1, while upregulating adipose triglyceride lipase and PPARγ coactivator 1α. HD202A enhances mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, redox homeostasis, and demonstrates significant effects on metabolic health, including suppression of body weight gain, reduction in hepatic lipid accumulation, and improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These properties make HD202A a valuable tool for researching metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine is a nucleoside analog that serves as an effective inhibitor of DNA replication in various human leukemia cell lines, exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 5.8 μM. This compound has been shown to extend the survival of mice with L1210 leukemia, demonstrating its potential in cancer treatment research. Its unique properties make it a valuable tool for investigating mechanisms of cell replication and the biology of leukemia.
Synonyms: 882C87
Netivudine is a nucleoside antimetabolite that acts as an analog inhibitor with significant antiviral activity against varicella zoster virus. In addition to its biological applications, Netivudine features an alkyne group, enabling its use in click chemistry through copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc). This reagent is valuable for molecular biology research and chemical biology applications, particularly in the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Synonyms: N-Benzoyl-2′-O-methyladenosine
Bz-OMe-rA is a nucleoside analog that primarily targets cellular nucleoside metabolism. It exhibits potential biological activity as an inhibitor of nucleoside transporters and may influence RNA synthesis and processing. Bz-OMe-rA is utilized in research to study nucleoside analogs in therapeutic applications, including antiviral and anticancer strategies.
Synonyms: 5'-O-Tritylinosine
KIN59 (5’-O-Tritylinosine) is a potent allosteric inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase, effectively impacting cellular proliferation. This compound demonstrates the ability to inhibit FGF2-stimulated cell growth and reduces the expression of phosphorylated FGFR1 and Akt in FGF2-stimulated cells. KIN59 showcases significant anti-tumor activity, making it valuable for research in cancer therapeutics and cell signaling pathways.
Synonyms: 5-DHFU; 5-Fluorodihydropyrimidine-2,4-dione; 5-Fluorodihydrouracil
5,6-Dihydro-5-Fluorouracil, a metabolite of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor prodrug 5-fluorouracil, acts by inhibiting the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). This compound exhibits cytotoxic effects on HaCaT keratinocytes, with an IC50 value of 13.5 μM. In preclinical studies, intravenous administration of 5,6-Dihydro-5-Fluorouracil in combination with 5-fluorouracil and the DPD inhibitor eniluracil has demonstrated the ability to impede tumor growth in a rat colon cancer model, highlighting its potential in cancer research applications.
N4-Benzoyl-2’-O-methylcytidine is a cytidine analog that functions primarily as an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. This compound exhibits potential antimetabolite and antitumor activities, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Its mechanism of action contributes to the modulation of epigenetic regulation, offering insights into therapeutic strategies for various malignancies. Research applications include studying gene expression, DNA methylation patterns, and the biochemical pathways involved in tumorigenesis.
Synonyms: 8-Bromo-9-(2-deoxypentofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-amine
8-Bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine is a purine nucleoside analog that exerts anticancer effects primarily through the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis. This compound has demonstrated broad antitumor activity, particularly against indolent lymphoid malignancies. It serves as a valuable tool for research applications related to cancer biology and therapeutic development.
Nebularine is a purine nucleoside analog that exerts its effects primarily through the inhibition of DNA synthesis. This compound demonstrates significant antitumor activity, particularly against indolent lymphoid malignancies. Its mechanisms of action include the induction of apoptosis and disruption of cellular replication, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic applications.
2'-Deoxy-N3-methylcytidine hydriodide is a purine nucleoside analog that exhibits significant antitumor activity, particularly against indolent lymphoid malignancies. Its anticancer effects are primarily mediated through the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. This compound serves as a valuable research tool for investigating therapeutic strategies in oncology.
Synonyms: β,γ-Methylene-GTP sodium
5′-Guanylyl methylenediphosphonate sodium is a GTP analogue that acts as a specific, competitive inhibitor of GTP-dependent processes in protein synthesis. By mimicking GTP, it disrupts nucleotide binding, thereby affecting the translation mechanism in cells. This reagent is valuable for researchers investigating protein biosynthesis pathways and studying the regulatory roles of GTP in various cellular functions.
3′-O-Methylcytidine is a cytidine analog that functions as an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases. This compound exhibits potential anti-metabolic and anti-tumor activities, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Its ability to modulate gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms positions it as an important reagent for studies focused on DNA methylation and its role in various biological processes.
3’-O-t-Bulyldimethylsilylthymidine is a purine nucleoside analog that exhibits significant antitumor activity, particularly against indolent lymphoid malignancies. This compound operates primarily through the inhibition of DNA synthesis, leading to the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Its unique mechanisms make it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development.
Methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-toluoyl-D-ribofuranoside is a purine nucleoside analog that exhibits significant antitumor activity, particularly against indolent lymphoid malignancies. This compound functions primarily through the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Its ability to mimic natural nucleosides allows for the exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting tumor cells.
2’-Chloro-N6-(3-methoxy)benzyl adenosine is a purine nucleoside analog that exerts its anticancer effects primarily through the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity against indolent lymphoid malignancies, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Its mechanisms of action are beneficial for studies focusing on therapeutic strategies for various malignancies.
