Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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NLRP3 modulator
NLRP3 Modulator 8 is a selective modulator targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, exhibiting a DC50 of 9 nM for NEK7 degradation. It effectively inhibits caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release in macrophages, demonstrating dose-dependent effects upon NLRP3 activation. This compound is valuable for research into autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, including pericarditis and Type 2 diabetes. -
NLRP3 Inhibitor
GDC-2394 is a selective NLRP3 inhibitor that acts orally, demonstrating inhibitory effects on IL-1β with IC50 values of 0.4 μM for human IL-1β and 0.1 μM for mouse IL-1β. This compound effectively inhibits NLRP3-induced caspase-1 activity while sparing NLRC4-dependent inflammasome activation. GDC-2394 is valuable for research into inflammatory conditions such as gouty arthritis. -
Racemic Compound
(E/Z)-Necrosulfonamide is a racemic compound that inhibits MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), targeting distinct programmed necrosis pathways, specifically necroptosis and pyroptosis. This compound impedes the oligomerization process of downstream executors without interfering with upstream signaling activation. It has been shown to reduce the expression of key kinases such as NLRP3 and caspase-1, activate the Nrf2 pathway, and downregulate various inflammatory factors. Research applications include studies related to neurodegenerative diseases, tissue damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, and hair loss. -
Anti-inflammatory/Anti-tumor/Anti-fungal/Neuroprotective Agent
(+)-Magnoflorine is an orally active aporphine alkaloid that serves as an anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, and neuroprotective agent. It promotes mitochondrial autophagy through Parkin/PINK1 mechanisms and inhibits the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway, demonstrating significant immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, (+)-Magnoflorine modulates JNK and TLR4/NF-κB pathways, activates Sirt1/AMPK, and alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Its capacity to upregulate miR-410-3p and inhibit the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway further supports its anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, (+)-Magnoflorine exhibits marked antifungal properties, making it a versatile reagent in chemical research. -
NLRP3 Inhibitor
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene is a selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, exerting its effects orally. It significantly suppresses NLRP3 activation induced by Nigericin or ATP, leading to reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. This compound specifically targets the NLRP3 inflammasome without influencing AIM2 inflammasome activation, and it prevents the oligomerization of ASC and the interaction between NLRP3 and ASC, thus inhibiting inflammasome assembly. 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene is valuable for researching autoimmune disorders such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes. -
IL-1β Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
SDZ 224-015 is a potent inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) converting enzyme and caspase-1, demonstrating significant inhibitory activity. This compound exhibits anti-COVID-19 properties through its interaction with the main protease (Mpro), with an IC50 value of 30 nM. SDZ 224-015 is suitable for research applications focusing on inflammation, cytokine signaling, and viral pathogenesis. -
Inflammatory Lipid Mediator
2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid is an inflammatory lipid mediator that interferes with protein palmitoylation, thereby inducing ER-stress markers and reducing ER ATP content. This compound activates the transcription and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8. Additionally, 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the cleavage of procaspase-3 and PARP. Notably, it can cross the blood-brain barrier, impacting ER and mitochondrial functions in human brain endothelial cells. -
CD206 Targeting Peptide
RP-182 is a synthetic immunomodulatory peptide that targets the mannose receptor CD206 on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), exhibiting a dissociation constant (Kd) of 8 μM. By inducing a conformational change in the CD206 receptor, RP-182 activates NF-κB signaling, promoting TNFα secretion and phagocytosis in CD206high TAMs, ultimately leading to apoptosis via caspase 8 activation. This compound is valuable for research in pancreatic cancer and melanoma, providing insights into therapeutic strategies that enhance anti-tumor immunity. -
NLRP3 Inhibitor
Tabersonine is a selective and orally active inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, targeting the NACHT domain to modulate its ATPase activity and prevent oligomerization. This mechanism effectively inhibits ASC speck formation and blocks caspase-1 activation, leading to reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. Additionally, Tabersonine interferes with K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6, disrupting NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. It is primarily utilized in research on NLRP3-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as acute lung injury, sepsis, and peritonitis, as well as in studies related to liver cancer. -
COX Inhibitor
(E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is a COX inhibitor that exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties. Isolated from Kaempferia galangal, this compound demonstrates both anti-neoplastic and anti-microbial activities. In vitro studies reveal that (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50 values of 1.12 μM and 0.83 μM, respectively, making it a valuable reagent for research in inflammatory and cancer-related studies. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
Kamebakaurin is an orally active diterpenoid that functions as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting NF-κB activation through direct interference with the DNA-binding activity of p50. This compound exhibits significant biological activity, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in tumor cells. Kamebakaurin is relevant for research applications focused on inflammation and cancer therapeutics. -
Anti-inflammatory/Antiviral Agent
Mulberrofuran G is a potent NOX inhibitor (IC50: 6.9 μM) and effective tyrosinase inhibitor. This compound demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor, and neuroprotective activities. Mulberrofuran G is valuable for research applications related to tumor biology, neurodegenerative diseases, and various inflammatory conditions. -
PCSK9 Inhibitor
Inclisiran is a double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) that specifically targets and inhibits the transcription of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). By reducing PCSK9 levels, Inclisiran effectively modulates lipid metabolism and demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, including the inhibition of pyroptosis and a decrease in NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. This reagent is valuable for research applications focused on hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as it supports studies aimed at understanding lipid regulation and atherosclerosis. -
Metabolite of Eriocitrin
Homoeriodictyol is a flavanone metabolite of Eriocitrin that exhibits a range of biological activities. It enhances synaptic-related protein expression via NCOA4-mediated ferritin autophagy and offers potential cognitive benefits by improving memory impairment in mice through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, Homoeriodictyol protects human endothelial cells against oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2 pathway and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Its anticancer properties are demonstrated through the inhibition of survival and migration in androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells, as well as its ability to induce apoptosis and enhance reactive oxygen species activity. Moreover, Homoeriodictyol displays antinociceptive effects in vivo. -
NLRP3 Inhibitor
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate hydrate is a potent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor derived from the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It displays significant anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable compound for research into inflammatory diseases. Its efficacy in attenuating conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in preclinical rat models highlights its potential applications in respiratory research and therapeutic development. -
STING Agonist
M04 is a potent agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), specifically activating the wild-type human STING in HEK293T cells while demonstrating no efficacy with the HAQ STING variant or in mouse RAW 264.7 cells. It effectively induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-12p70 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At a concentration of 50 µM, M04 enhances dendritic cell maturation, promoting the expression of MHC class II (HLA-DR) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86), thereby boosting T cell activation. This reagent is valuable for research in inflammatory immune diseases. -
NLRP3-targeting Renalase Peptide
RP-220 is a renalase peptide that specifically targets the NLRP3 inflammasome. It exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, evidenced by its ability to inhibit apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells under alkaline stress through activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Additionally, RP-220 reduces NLRP3 expression, limits macrophage infiltration, and mitigates kidney tissue damage in models of acute kidney injury (AKI). This reagent is particularly relevant for research into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its associated complication, lupus nephritis (LN). -
Nrf2 Activator
Sarmentosin is a potent activator of the Nrf2 pathway, which plays a crucial role in cellular defense against oxidative stress. This compound has been shown to inhibit mTOR signaling and promote autophagy-dependent apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Its ability to modulate these critical pathways makes Sarmentosin a valuable tool for research into cancer biology and potential therapeutic strategies. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
Brazilein is an anti-inflammatory agent that targets Na+,K+-ATPase with an IC50 of 500 μM. It exhibits potent neuroprotective activities by reducing iNOS mRNA expression, thereby inhibiting nitric oxide production in immune cells and modulating inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Brazilein has been shown to decrease cerebral infarction volume and enhance neurological function in models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Additionally, it induces apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes and can affect immune responses and organ weights, making it valuable for research in neurobiology, cardiovascular health, and inflammatory disorders. -
Stable Isotope
Everolimus-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Everolimus, a potent and selective inhibitor of mTOR1. By binding to FKBP-12, Everolimus-d4 forms an immunosuppressive complex that effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation, while simultaneously inducing apoptosis and autophagy. This stable isotope is valuable for research applications in oncology and immunology, facilitating studies on the therapeutic mechanisms and metabolic pathways associated with mTOR inhibition. -
Nrf2 Activator
Nrf2 Activator-10 (Compound AI-1) acts as a PI3K-dependent inducer of the antioxidant response element (ARE), with an EC50 value of 2.7 μM, effectively activating Nrf2. By modifying Keap1 and inhibiting the Cul3-Keap1 ubiquitin ligase complex, Nrf2 Activator-10 enhances Nrf2 transcription and promotes cellular defense mechanisms. This compound is particularly valuable for research focused on oxidative stress and cytoprotection, demonstrating protective effects against H2O2-induced apoptosis. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
(-)-Pinoresinol is a plant-derived tetrahydrofuran lignan that serves as an anti-inflammatory agent through the inhibition of α-glucosidase. This compound exhibits hypoglycemic properties and demonstrates chemopreventive potential by inducing apoptosis and causing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Its biological activities make it a valuable tool for research in inflammation and metabolic disorders. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
Taurodeoxycholate-d6 sodium is an anionic detergent derived from bile salts, functioning primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent. This compound promotes the isolation of membrane proteins, particularly in the inner mitochondrial membrane, making it essential for studies in cellular biology. Furthermore, Taurodeoxycholate-d6 demonstrates notable anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, positioning it as a valuable tool for research applications focused on inflammation and neuroprotection pathways. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
Lactucin is a recognized anti-inflammatory agent that promotes apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, it exhibits analgesic, anticancer, and antimalarial properties, making it a versatile compound for various biological research applications. Its multifaceted activity provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases and cancer. -
Anticancer/Anti-inflammatory Agent
Isoangustone A is an effective anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent that promotes apoptosis and autophagic cell death in cancer cells. This compound is of interest for research applications aimed at understanding cancer biology and developing potential therapeutic strategies. Its dual action highlights its relevance in the study of cancer progression and inflammation-mediated diseases. -
Stable Isotope
Lenalidomide-d5 is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of Lenalidomide, an immunomodulatory compound that functions as a molecular glue. By acting as a ligand for the ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), it facilitates the selective ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3. Lenalidomide-d5 is pivotal for research in cancer biology, particularly for investigating the mechanisms of action in mature B-cell lymphomas, including multiple myeloma, and for studying its effects on cytokine release from T cells. -
CypA Inhibitor
HL001 is an oral small molecule inhibitor targeting Cyclophilin A (CypA) and acting as a receptor antagonist for Lysophosphatidic acid 1 (LPA1). This compound induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells via p53 stabilization, achieved by down-regulating G3BP1 and promoting reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage. HL001 disrupts the MDM2-p53-72R interaction in a CypA-dependent manner, demonstrating significant antitumor activity. Additionally, HL001 serves as a valuable tool in the investigation of pulmonary fibrosis. -
NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor
VAS 3947 is a selective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX), demonstrating significant antiplatelet activity. In addition to its role as an NOX inhibitor, VAS 3947 induces apoptosis through the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), primarily driven by protein aggregation and misfolding. This compound is valuable for research focused on oxidative stress and its implications in cardiovascular diseases. -
TFAP2β Modulator
TFAP2β modulator-1 is a potent modulator of the transcription factor TFAP2β, promoting its condensation through the induction of conformational changes within its intrinsically disordered region. This compound exhibits significant anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, as well as in relevant mouse models and organoids. TFAP2β modulator-1 serves as a valuable tool for investigating the role of TFAP2β in ESCC research and therapeutic development. -
NF-κB Inhibitor/Nrf2/AMPK Activator
Panduratin A is a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, recognized for its significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It demonstrates protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by Colistin, primarily by mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing mitochondrial function. Additionally, Panduratin A activates autophagy through an AMPK-dependent mechanism and exhibits potential anti-tuberculosis and antiviral activities by inhibiting the methyltransferase of SARS-CoV-2. These diverse biological activities make Panduratin A a valuable tool in various areas of research, including inflammation, cellular stress responses, and infectious diseases. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-linker Conjugate
Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 TFA is a synthetic E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for use in targeted protein degradation applications. This compound plays a critical role in the PROTAC dTAG-13, facilitating the selective degradation of FKBP12F36V and BET proteins. Its unique structural features allow for efficient recruitment of E3 ligases, making it a valuable tool in cellular studies of protein regulation and degradation pathways. -
FLAP Inhibitor
MK-886 sodium salt is a potent inhibitor of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), exhibiting an IC50 of 30 nM. It effectively inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis with IC50 values of 3 nM in intact leukocytes and 1.1 μM in human whole blood. Additionally, MK-886 acts as a non-competitive antagonist of PPARα and can induce apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for research in inflammatory diseases and apoptosis pathways. -
COX Inhibitor
Ketorolac hemicalcium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that functions as a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, exhibiting IC50 values of 20 nM for COX-1 and 120 nM for COX-2. This compound is utilized in research related to allergic conjunctivitis, cystoid macular edema, intraoperative miosis, and postoperative ocular inflammation and pain, as well as for its potential applications in cancer research due to its role as a DDX3 inhibitor. -
Nrf2 activator
Nrf2 activator-11 is a potent Nrf2 activator that demonstrates blood-brain barrier permeability. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ferroptotic, and anti-apoptotic effects. Nrf2 activator-11 is particularly valuable for research involving cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models, providing insights into neuroprotective mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. -
COX Inhibitor
Metamizole magnesium is an orally active cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor known for its key roles in reducing inflammation and pain. It exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, along with the ability to inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Due to its antipyretic and analgesic properties, Metamizole magnesium is commonly utilized in various research applications aimed at investigating pain mechanisms and inflammatory responses. -
Anti-Inflammatory Agent
Stephanine ((-)-Stephanine) is an isoquinoline aporphine-type alkaloid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It induces apoptosis via the reversal of mitotic exit, demonstrating significant antiplasmodial activity. This compound is valuable for research applications related to gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and various cancer types. -
Topo I/COX-2 Inhibitor
Topo I/COX-2-IN-1 is an inhibitor of both Topoisomerase I and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It demonstrates significant biological activity, with IC50 values of 0.24 μM for COX-2 and 4.42 μM for Topo I. This compound effectively induces apoptosis and inhibits the migration of cancer cells, showcasing potential applications in cancer research and therapy. -
Topo I/COX-2 Inhibitor
Topo I/COX-2-IN-2 is a potent dual-target inhibitor of Topoisomerase I (Topo I) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), exhibiting inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.90 μM and 2.31 μM, respectively. This compound induces apoptosis in cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway, making it a valuable agent for research in cancer therapeutics and cell death mechanisms. Its dual activity supports investigations into the interplay between topoisomerase inhibition and inflammatory pathways in cancer progression. -
STING Activator
PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate is a potent STING activator known for its anticancer properties. It enhances the stability and levels of endogenous cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), triggering a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst that damages mitochondria, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting DNA replication. By activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate boosts the immunogenicity of tumor cells and stimulates a robust innate immune response, making it a valuable reagent for cancer immunotherapy research. -
Celecoxib Analog
OSU-03013 is a Celecoxib analog that targets multiple pathways involved in cancer progression. It promotes apoptosis while enhancing E-cadherin expression and reduces β-catenin, c-myc, Wnt1, and N-cadherin levels. By inhibiting cell migration and invasion, OSU-03013 effectively regulates Wnt and mTOR signaling, leading to decreased proliferation of colon cancer cells. This compound is suitable for research focused on colon cancer and its underlying mechanisms. -
TLR3 Agonist
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium is a synthetic analogue of double-stranded RNA and acts as an agonist for toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and RIG-I-like receptors. It serves as a potent immunomodulator, enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses, making it valuable for vaccine development. Additionally, Poly(I:C) sodium can influence the tumor microenvironment and directly induce apoptosis in cancer cells, thus providing significant potential in cancer research and therapy. -
Complement Inhibitor
Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, MW 5000) primarily functions as a complement inhibitor, derived from a polymer of dehydrated glucose. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including anticoagulation, antiviral properties, and anti-lipemic effects. Its mechanisms involve blocking HIV-1 adsorption to host cells, preventing natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and inhibiting instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions (IBMIR). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) is valuable in research related to immunology, virology, and cardiovascular studies. -
TLR9 Agonist
ODN 1826 is a class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide that acts as an agonist for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). It stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), promoting apoptosis and enhancing immune surveillance. This compound is also associated with increased aortic atherosclerotic plaque size and exhibits antitumor activity against various cancer types, including lung cancer, glioma, and melanoma. ODN 1826 is valuable for researching immune response mechanisms and potential cancer therapies. -
TLR7/8 Antagonist
Afimetoran is a selective and highly bioavailable antagonist of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). It effectively inhibits TLR7/8-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and can reverse TLR7-induced resistance to steroid-driven apoptosis in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This compound is particularly relevant for research into inflammation and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. -
TLR9 Agonist
Agatolimod is a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist and immunomodulator with an EC50 of 180 nM. It activates TLR9 and upregulates TLR6 expression, initiating downstream signaling through IRAK4, IRF5, and IRF7. Agatolimod enhances Th1-type immune responses and promotes the activation of various immune cells, leading to increased antigen presentation, antibody regulation, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and enhanced cytotoxicity. This compound is relevant for research into COVID-19, breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, HPV-related tumors, melanoma, and salmonellosis. -
Autophagy Inducer, NLRP3 Inhibitor
Britannin is an autophagy inducer and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.630 μM. It exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7, effectively preventing NLRP3 activation and assembly. Additionally, Britannin shows antitumor properties by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation through interference with the interaction of HIF-1α and Myc, leading to reduced PD-L1 expression and enhanced activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This compound also promotes apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells via activation of ROS-regulated AMPK, making it a valuable tool for research in anti-inflammatory and oncology studies. -
COX-1 Inhibitor
Ibuprofen sodium is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), exhibiting an IC50 value of 13 μM. This compound demonstrates significant biological activities, including inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and nitric oxide (NO) donor, ibuprofen sodium is valuable in research areas such as pain, inflammation, infection, immunology, and oncology. -
Anti-inflammatory Agent
Taurodeoxycholic acid is an anionic bile salt with anti-inflammatory properties, primarily targeting inflammation pathways. It demonstrates significant neuroprotective effects and is utilized in the isolation of membrane proteins, including those from the inner mitochondrial membrane. This compound is valuable for research applications involving membrane biochemistry and neuroinflammation studies. -
Anti-inflammatory Drug
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium is a bile acid derivative that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of immune responses. This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis and plays a significant role in reducing inflammation. Its biological activities make it a valuable reagent for research applications focused on understanding inflammatory diseases and potential therapeutic strategies. -
Stable Isotope
Kynurenic acid-d5 is a deuterium-labeled analog of kynurenic acid, an endogenous metabolite of tryptophan. It acts as a broad-spectrum antagonist of NMDA and glutamate receptors, as well as the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Additionally, kynurenic acid-d5 serves as an agonist for GPR35/CXCR8, making it valuable in studies related to neuropharmacology and neurotransmitter signaling pathways. This stable isotope is ideal for tracing and characterization studies in metabolic research.
