Other inhibitors

Indacaterol is an ultra-long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist.

Tranilast is an antiallergic drug. It reduces collagen synthesis in fibroblasts and inhibits growth of neurofibroma cells, also inhibits the production of interleukin-6 in endothelial cells.

Troxerutin(Trihydroxyethylrutin) is a flavonol, a type of flavonoid. It is more accurately a hydroxyethylrutoside. It can be isolated from Sophora japonica, the japanese pagoda tree.It is used as a vasoprotective.

Vanillylacetone is similar in chemical structure to other flavor chemicals such as vanillin and eugenol. It is used as a flavor additive in spice oils and in perfumery to introduce spicy aromas.

Xanthone is an organic compound. It can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood

Yohimbine hydrochloride (Antagonil) is a α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.52, 8.00 and 9.17 for human α2A, α2B and α2C receptors respectively)

Nitrisinone is a competitive inhibitor that reversibly inhibits 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase (dioxygenase).

Folinic Acid Calcium Salt (Leucovorin) is the active form of the B complex vitamin Folate is used as an antidote to cancer treatment drugs (i.e. methotrexate) to reduce toxicity of residual drugs.

3-Indolebutyric acid is a plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural plant rooting products.

4-Methylumbelliferone is a selective inhibitor of Hyaluronan (HA) synthesis which is thought to function as an inhibitor via the depletion of UDP-glucuronic acid, the common substrate for HA synthesis.

5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride is a naturally occurring amino acid; precursor of tetrapyrroles in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and heme.

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid is the core chemical structure for the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics and intermediates.

Acarbose is an anti-diabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some countries, prediabetes.

Acetanilide is used as an inhibitor in hydrogen peroxide and is used to stabilize cellulose ester varnishes.

Acitazanolast is an active metabolite of tazanolast and anti-allergic drug.

Aesculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). It is used in a microbiology laboratory to aid in the identification of bacterial species (especially Enterococci and Listeria).

Alfacalcidol is an analogue of vitamin D.Alfacalcidol has a weaker impact on calcium metabolism than calcitriol, while having more potent effects on parathyroid hormone levels and the immune system, including regulatory T cells.

Aminocaproic acid is used to treat excessive postoperative bleeding, especially after procedures in which a great amount of bleeding is expected,

Amygdalin is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of the tree Prunus dulcis. Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

Azalomycin-B is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

Beta Carotene is a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A.

Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic. It has in vitro activity against anaerobes.

Bilobalide, a biologically active terpenic trilactone (terpinoid), derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is an inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A1 and CYP1A2. May contain properties to stop apoptosis activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.

Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analog/prodrug used topically (as eye drops) to control the progression of glaucoma and in the management of ocular hypertension

Biochanin A is an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits iNOS expression and lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages. Additionally, Biochanin A displays the ability to block phosphorylation of IκBα and p38 MAPK, which prevents NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Biochanin A has been observed to suppress IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production.

BTZ043 (BTZ038, BTZ044) inhibits decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2?-epimerase, which is an enzyme which produces the cell wall of the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure.

Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates.

Butylscopolamine BR is an orally available bromide salt form of butylscopolamine which is a peripherally acting antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as hydroxycinnamic acid.

Calcitriol (Rocaltrol) increases blood calcium levels ( [Ca2+] ) by promoting absorption of dietary calcium from the gastrointestinal tract and increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium thus reducing the loss of calcium in the urine.

Cefaclor is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia and ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract infections.

Cefprozil hydrate is a second-generation cephalosporin type antibiotic. It can be used to treat bronchitis, ear infections, skin infections, and other bacterial infections.

Ceftiofur is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin type (third generation)

Chenodeoxycholic acid is synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.

Chlormezanone (Trancopal), a non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm. Chlormezanone binds to central benzodiazepine receptors which interact allosterically with GABA receptors. This potentiates the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, increasing the inhibition of the ascending reticular activating system and blocking the cortical and limbic arousal that occurs following stimulation of the reticular pathways.

Chlorothiazide is a diuretic and also used as an antihypertensive.

Cinchonidine is an alkaloid used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonine.

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria, but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria.

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the mitochondrial transporter chain that behaves as a powerful antioxidant. Displays neuroprotective activity.

In chemical structure, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally, intraarticularly (into a joint), or transcutaneously. Cortisone suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury.

Cyclovirobuxine D (Bebuxine) is an active compound extracted from Buxus microphylla that significantly increases cardiomyocytes viability injured by oxidation or hypoxia.

Cytarabine inhibits DNA replication by incorporating into DNA (IC50 = 0.04 μM in L1210 and CEM cell lines).

Cytisine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, and as a pharmaceutical preparation it is available for the treatment of nicotinism. It is a pyridine-like alkaloid that can be toxic in high doses. Pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to nicotine due to structural similarity of the two molecules.

Desonide is the generic name of a low-potency topical corticosteroid .

Dexrazoxane hydrochloride is a cardioprotective agent. As a derivative of EDTA, dexrazoxane chelates iron, but the precise mechanism by which it protects the heart is not known. This agent is used to protect the heart against the cardiotoxic side effects of anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin.

D-glutamine is a D type stereoisomer of glutamine which is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code.

Diclofensine (Ro 8-4650) acts as a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, primarily inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline.

Dienestrol is a synthetic estrogen.