Apoptosis

Osajin is a bioactive isoflavone present in the fruit of Maclura pomifera, commonly referred to as the Osage orange.

YUM70 is a potent inhibitor of GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa).

Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.

Tetrahydropalmatine, an active component isolated from corydalis, possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats.

Flavokawain A is found in Piper methysticum (kava plant). It suppresses expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages, decreases expression of Ki67, XIAP and survivin in urothelial cell carcinoma cells, and inhibits degradation of NF-kB.

Ethyl pyruvate is a simple derivative of the endogenous metabolite, pyruvic acid. Ethyl pyruvate is an anti-inflammatory agent.

FL118 is an inhibitor of human survivin expression, activating tumor suppressor p53 as a novel MOA in p53 wild-type cancer cells.

4-Oxo-4-HPR is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, inducing marked G2-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in fenretinide-sensitive and fenretinide-resistant cell lines. It is also a fenretinide metabolite.

COG1410 is an apolipoprotein E-derived peptide and an apoptosis inhibitor. COG1410 exerts neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects in a murine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). COG1410 can be used for the research of neurological disease.

Edratide (TV 4710) is a synthetic peptide of 19 amino acid based on the complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1) of a human anti-DNA antibody that expresses a major idiotype denoted 16/6 Id. Edratide reduces the rates of apoptosis (Apoptosis) and down-regulates of caspase-8 and caspase-3, up-regulates Bcl-xL. Edratide has the potential for the research of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Ac-YVAD-pNA is a specific Caspase-1 substrate. Ac-YVAD-pNA can be used to detect Caspase-1 activity. Caspase-1 is a key mediator of inflammatory processes.

VUBI1 (SOS1 Activator 1) is a benzimidazole-derived small molecule that acts as a potent activator of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1, with a dissociation constant (Kᴅ) of 44 nM. It promotes RAS activation by enhancing RAS-GTP formation and modulates downstream ERK phosphorylation, thereby influencing RAS–MAPK signaling. In addition, VUBI1 serves as a functional ligand for the development of PROTAC-based degraders, such as PROTAC SOS1 Degrader-1, to induce targeted SOS1 degradation. VUBI1 is a valuable compound for studying RAS pathway regulation and its role in cancer biology.

Swainsonine (also known as Tridolgosir) is a naturally occurring indolizidine alkaloid and a potent, reversible inhibitor of α-mannosidase. By interfering with glycoprotein processing, Swainsonine disrupts key cellular signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis and G₂/M phase cell cycle arrest. It exhibits significant antitumor activity and has been widely studied for its potential role in cancer therapeutics and glycosylation-related biological processes.

Solasonine is a naturally occurring steroidal glycoalkaloid isolated from *Solanum melongena* (eggplant), known for its anti-infective, anticancer, and neurogenesis-promoting properties. It acts as a ferroptosis inducer by disrupting the glutathione redox system through inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). By promoting ferroptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, Solasonine serves as a valuable compound for investigating ferroptosis mechanisms and developing novel anticancer strategies.

Daraxonrasib (RMC-6236) is an orally active, non-covalent RAS(ON) inhibitor that disrupts the interaction between wild-type or mutant RAS proteins and the RAS-binding domain of BRAF. It exhibits EC₅₀ values ranging from 28 to 220 nM across wild-type KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, and multiple oncogenic RAS variants. RMC-6236 inhibits pERK signaling and demonstrates anti-tumor activity in KRAS-mutant tumor models.

CST626 (Compound 9) is a pan-IAP degrader PROTAC that targets and degrades inhibitor of apoptosis proteins XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 in MM.1S cells, with DC₅₀ values of 0.7 nM, 2.4 nM, and 6.2 nM, respectively.

Solasodine (also known as Purapuridine) is a steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the Solanaceae family. It induces apoptosis by inhibiting the p53–MDM2 complex and downregulating p21^Waf1/Cip1 and Bcl-2 proteins. Solasodine exhibits a range of biological activities, including neuroprotective, antifungal, hypotensive, anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, antiandrogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects.

SDU-071 is a potent, orally active inhibitor targeting the BRD4-p53 interaction. It inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC₅₀ of 10.5 μM and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

MS41 is a selective PROTAC degrader of eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL), with DC₅₀ values of 3.50 nM (MV4;11), 2.84 nM (SEMK2), 3.03 nM (Jurkat), and 26.58 nM (KASUMI1). MS41 effectively inhibits the proliferation of ENL-dependent leukemia cells, induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis. It reduces chromatin occupancy of the ENL-associated transcription elongation complex, thereby suppressing oncogenic gene expression and leukemia progression.

YM458 is a potent dual inhibitor of EZH2 and BRD4, with IC₅₀ values of 490 nM and 34 nM, respectively. It suppresses cell proliferation and colony formation, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in solid tumor cells. YM458 is suitable for anticancer research.

NVS-CECR2-1 is a potent and selective non-BET family bromodomain (BRD) inhibitor targeting cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 2 (CECR2). It binds CECR2 BRD with high affinity (IC50 = 47 nM; KD = 80 nM). NVS-CECR2-1 exhibits cytotoxic activity and induces apoptosis in various cancer cells through both CECR2-dependent and CECR2-independent mechanisms.

TMX1 is a covalent molecular glue degrader targeting BRD4. It selectively recruits DCAF16 to the BRD4BD2 domain, inducing BRD4 degradation.

FR900359 is a cyclic depsipeptide and a selective inhibitor of Gαq/11/14 proteins in mammals. By targeting Gαq signaling, it effectively inhibits downstream pathways such as the ERK cascade. FR900359 has demonstrated the ability to suppress melanoma cell proliferation, lower blood pressure, and protect against airway hyperreactivity in murine models of allergen sensitization, such as the ovalbumin-induced asthma model.

Bomedemstat (IMG-7289) is an orally active, irreversible inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). By inhibiting LSD1, it increases methylation of histone marks H3K4 and H3K9, leading to altered gene expression. Bomedemstat exhibits potent anti-cancer activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, and is being explored as a therapeutic agent in hematologic malignancies and other cancers.

Bleximenib (JNJ-75276617) is an orally active and highly selective menin–KMT2A (MLL) interaction inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.1 nM in humans, 0.045 nM in mice, and ≤0.066 nM in dogs. It effectively inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells and induces apoptosis and differentiation, particularly in malignancies driven by KMT2A rearrangements. Bleximenib is a promising therapeutic candidate for the study and treatment of leukemia and other menin-dependent cancers.

Bleximenib (JNJ-75276617) oxalate is an orally active and highly selective inhibitor of the menin–KMT2A (MLL) interaction, with IC50 values of 0.1 nM in humans, 0.045 nM in mice, and ≤0.066 nM in dogs. It effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and differentiation, particularly in cancers driven by KMT2A rearrangements. Bleximenib oxalate is a promising candidate for research in leukemia and other menin–KMT2A-dependent malignancies.

Ac-YVAD-cmk (Caspase-1 Inhibitor II) is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of caspase-1 (also known as IL-1β converting enzyme, ICE). It exhibits potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Ac-YVAD-cmk also inhibits pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory cell death, making it a valuable tool for studying inflammation-related diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.

APX2009 is a specific inhibitor of APE1/REF-1 redox activity with demonstrated anticancer properties. It reduces the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis. APX2009 holds potential for targeted cancer therapy by disrupting redox-regulated transcription factors involved in tumor progression.

L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a deamidating enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of L-asparagine and L-glutamine, and can be used for the research of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-Asparaginase depletes L-asparagine from plasma resulting in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis with the subsequent blastic cell apoptosis.

Illudin S is a natural sesquiterpene compound with potent cytotoxic, anti-tumor, and antiviral activities. It exhibits genotoxic effects and disrupts cell cycle progression by blocking the G1-S phase transition in human leukemia cells. Illudin S is of interest in cancer research due to its ability to target rapidly proliferating cells.

ABD56 is a bioactive compound that inhibits osteoclast formation and induces osteoclast apoptosis. Its mechanism of action involves suppression of the NFκB and ERK signaling pathways, making it a promising candidate for research in bone metabolism and osteolytic diseases.

HKB99 is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) that induces apoptosis and suppresses cell migration by inhibiting the formation of invasive pseudopodia. It increases oxidative stress, activates the JNK/c-Jun pathway, and downregulates AKT and ERK signaling. HKB99 is a promising compound for the study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

7-Hydroxyflavone is an orally active flavonoid isolated from *Clerodendrum phlomidis*, exhibiting notable anti-inflammatory activity. It protects renal cells from nicotine-induced cytotoxicity through activation of the ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Additionally, 7-Hydroxyflavone inhibits PKM2 with an IC50 of 2.12 μM, and suppresses COX-2 and 5-LOX with IC50 values of 27 μg/mL and 33 μg/mL, respectively.

α-Amyrin is an orally active pentacyclic triterpenoid that activates the ERK and GSK-3β signaling pathways. It is studied for its potential in treating metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fructose diet and cognitive dysfunction associated with reduced cholinergic neurotransmission.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TDUCA) dihydrate is an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that significantly downregulates pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12. Additionally, it suppresses ERK signaling, contributing to its cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects.

DMU-212 is an orally active methylated derivative of Resveratrol that exhibits antimitotic, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic activities. It induces mitotic arrest by promoting apoptosis and activating ERK1/2 signaling.

CDPPB is a selective, orally active allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). It enhances AKT and ERK1/2 signaling and upregulates BDNF mRNA expression. CDPPB also inhibits caspase-3 activation and mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction, demonstrating therapeutic potential in improving cognitive impairment, depression, and Huntington’s disease.

HIOC is a potent and selective activator of the TrkB (tropomyosin receptor kinase B) receptor, capable of crossing both the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. It activates the TrkB/ERK signaling pathway, reduces neuronal apoptosis, and has been shown to attenuate early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Additionally, HIOC exhibits neuroprotective effects in animal models of light-induced retinal degeneration.

Sulforaphene, a natural compound isolated from radish seeds, exhibits an ED₅₀ of approximately 2 × 10⁻⁴ M against velvetleaf seedlings. It promotes apoptosis and inhibits migration in cancer cells by suppressing signaling pathways including EGFR, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and NF-κB.

Avitinib (Abivertinib) maleate is a third-generation, irreversible, and orally active selective EGFR inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.18 nM for both EGFR^L858R and EGFR^T790M, and 7.68 nM for wild-type EGFR. In addition to its EGFR-targeting activity, Avitinib maleate also inhibits BTK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma models, demonstrating broad-spectrum anticancer efficacy.

Cearoin is a bioactive compound that promotes both autophagy and apoptosis by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activating the ERK signaling pathway. Through this dual mechanism, cearoin contributes to the regulation of cellular stress responses and programmed cell death. Its ability to modulate these processes makes it a valuable candidate for research in cancer biology and other diseases involving dysregulated autophagy or apoptosis.

Penehyclidine hydrochloride (also known as Penequinine hydrochloride) is a selective anticholinergic agent that acts as an antagonist of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors. It exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune signaling in lung tissue, notably through activation of the NF-κB pathway and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In preclinical studies, Penehyclidine hydrochloride has been shown to alleviate pulmonary inflammation in rat models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly under conditions of mechanical ventilation. These properties suggest its potential utility in managing respiratory inflammatory conditions and improving outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD.

MY-673 is a colchicine binding site inhibitor (CBSI) that disrupts microtubule dynamics by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. In addition to its antimitotic effects, MY-673 suppresses the ERK signaling pathway, which leads to modulation of SMAD4 protein expression within the TGF-β/SMAD signaling axis. These combined actions result in potent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration, and the induction of apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. MY-673 holds promise as a therapeutic candidate for targeting cancers driven by aberrant microtubule dynamics and dysregulated TGF-β/ERK signaling.

Anti-inflammatory agent 35 (compound 5a27) is an orally active curcumin analogue that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. It exerts its effects by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65, thereby suppressing key inflammatory pathways. Additionally, compound 5a27 reduces neutrophil infiltration and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, it significantly attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI), highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for inflammatory and respiratory disorders.

Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-linolenic acid, GLA) is an orally active omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid with broad pharmacological activities. It exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, key mediators of inflammatory responses. GLA also induces apoptosis in cancer cells, contributing to its anticancer potential. Additionally, it possesses antioxidant properties and has been shown to improve memory function, suggesting neuroprotective benefits. These multifunctional effects position gamma-linolenic acid as a promising compound for research in inflammation, oncology, and neurological disorders.

Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are orally active lysolipids and key components of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). They are bioactive molecules known to induce cellular injury, promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and trigger apoptosis. LPCs play a significant role in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions and have been implicated in the progression of sepsis by amplifying inflammatory responses. Due to these properties, LPCs are actively studied in the context of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and sepsis-related research.

AS1411 (AGRO-100) is a G-rich oligonucleotide aptamer that selectively targets nucleolin, a nucleoprotein overexpressed on the surface and within the nucleus of many cancer cells. It inhibits tumor cell proliferation by disrupting nucleolin-containing complexes, thereby affecting key oncogenic processes. AS1411 has been shown to reduce PRMT5 expression and inhibit tumor growth in DU145 prostate cancer cells, and to block the interaction between nucleolin and *bcl-2* mRNA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, leading to decreased Bcl-2 protein levels and enhanced apoptosis. Beyond its intrinsic anticancer activity, AS1411 serves as a precision-targeting carrier for the delivery of nanoparticles, oligonucleotides, and small molecules to cancer cells. AS1411-conjugated gold nanospheres have demonstrated effective inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, with the added advantage of crossing the blood-brain barrier and exhibiting low tissue toxicity, making AS1411 a versatile platform for targeted cancer therapy and drug delivery.

Rhamnetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid and quercetin derivative found in *Coriandrum sativum*. It functions as an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A₂ and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), contributing to its broad pharmacological profile. Rhamnetin exhibits notable antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising compound for research in cancer, oxidative stress-related conditions, and inflammatory diseases.

Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate) is an orally active synthetic triester of glycerol and acetic acid that serves as a bioavailable source of acetate. It freely crosses the blood–brain barrier and cellular membranes, making it particularly effective in targeting central nervous system malignancies. In glioma cells, Triacetin increases intracellular acetate levels, promotes histone acetylation, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additionally, Triacetin enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of Temozolomide (TMZ), supporting its potential as an adjuvant in glioma treatment strategies.

Alteminostat (CKD-581) is a potent, broad-spectrum histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that targets both class I and class II HDAC isoforms. It promotes histone H3 and α-tubulin acetylation, indicating effective inhibition of nuclear and cytoplasmic HDAC activity. Alteminostat is being investigated for its therapeutic potential in hematologic malignancies, including lymphoma and multiple myeloma, and serves as a valuable tool in epigenetic cancer research.