Natural Products

Uvaol diacetate is a triterpenoid derived from the leaves of Nerium oleander L. This compound exhibits protective effects against DNA damage and has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Research applications include investigations into its potential as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment and its protective roles in cellular biology.

Viridiflorol is an active natural molecule recognized for its anti-cancer properties. It induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, demonstrating effective anti-neoplastic activity with IC50 values of 10 µM for breast (MCF-7), 30 µM for lung (A549), and 0.1 µM for brain (Daoy) cancer cells. This compound is valuable for research aimed at understanding and treating breast, lung, and brain cancers.

Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) is a metabolite of pentachlorophenol known for its ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis in primary mouse splenocytes. Additionally, TCHQ increases DNA lesions and induces oxidative stress in rodent models, making it a valuable tool for studying oxidative damage and cellular stress responses in toxicology and environmental research.

CM101 is an anti-pathoangiogenic polysaccharide derived from group B streptococcus. It exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting inflammatory angiogenesis and promoting wound healing in mouse models, while also minimizing scarring following spinal cord injury. Additionally, CM101 induces rapid tumor neovascularization and inflammatory cell infiltration, leading to inhibition of tumor growth and promotion of tumor apoptosis, making it valuable in cancer research and therapeutic studies.

Embinin is a natural product derived from the petals of Iris germanica Linnaeus, known for its ability to enhance lumbar disc neovascularization. This compound induces apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells, demonstrating potential applications in research related to lumbar disc herniation and associated therapeutic strategies. Its biological activity may offer insights into tissue regeneration and injury recovery processes.

Tomatine hydrochloride is a glycoalkaloid derived from the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). It has been shown to induce neurotoxicity through mechanisms that are independent of RIP1 kinase and caspases, leading to the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Additionally, tomatine hydrochloride inhibits 20S proteasome activity, making it a valuable reagent for research applications in cancer biology and neurodegeneration studies.

Esculeoside A is a spirosolane-type steroidal alkaloid glycoside that primarily targets NF-κB and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways. This compound exhibits significant cardioprotective and hypoglycemic properties, regulating glucose metabolism and modulating lipid profiles. Research applications include the study of diabetic cardiomyopathy, type 2 diabetes, atopic dermatitis, tumors, and atherosclerotic diseases. Additionally, Esculeoside A inhibits dendritic cell maturation and T-cell proliferation, and exhibits anti-tumor activity against breast cancer and melanoma cells.

Altechromone A is a natural product derived from Polygonum cuspidatum, exhibiting significant potential as a bioactive compound. It has demonstrated various biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This compound is valuable for research applications focusing on natural product chemistry and the exploration of therapeutic agents targeting oxidative stress-related disorders.

(-)-Sativan is a natural product classified as a flavonoid, primarily isolated from the leaves of birdsfoot trefoil. This compound exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its potential applications in research focused on plant-based therapeutics and the study of phytochemicals. Its unique profile makes it valuable for investigations in biochemistry and pharmacology.

Sesame Oil is a natural product derived from the seeds of Sesamum indicum L. It exhibits a variety of biological activities, including the ability to reduce NF-κB, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, IL-1β, IL-4, and nitric oxide levels. Sesame Oil demonstrates antitumor activity against malignant melanoma and provides protective effects against liver damage induced by agents such as Cisplatin and Acetaminophen. Additionally, it possesses notable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable reagent for various research applications.

Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a naturally occurring deoxysugar that primarily targets inflammatory pathways. It has been shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory interleukins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in models of skin aging, highlighting its potential in anti-aging research. Additionally, Rhamnose enhances the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) substrates and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipocytes, promoting PKA signaling and fat metabolism. Its ability to stimulate dopamine receptors and induce thermogenesis makes Rhamnose a valuable compound in obesity studies, while Rhamnose monohydrate is also utilized in research involving Ehrlich’s solid tumors and sarcomas.

Mannan is a polysaccharide compound that primarily targets the mannose receptor (MR). It facilitates bacterial uptake and endosomal degradation, which in turn increases IL-12 production in immune cells. Mannan also enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, modulates immune responses, inhibits Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity, and reduces lipid accumulation, making it a valuable tool in immunological research and toxicology studies.

Breviscapine is a flavonoid compound that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and neuroprotective activities. It effectively mitigates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and vascular dementia while inhibiting the formation of postoperative abdominal adhesions. The mechanism of action is linked to the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways, and calcium overload in cells. Breviscapine is primarily utilized in research on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Tubeimoside III is a triterpenoid saponin known for its anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This compound exhibits biological activity that supports research into tumorigenesis and inflammation. With an LD50 of 15 mg/kg when administered via intraperitoneal injection in ICR mice, Tubeimoside III serves as a valuable tool for investigating therapeutic interventions in cancer and inflammatory diseases.

Tribuloside is a flavonoid known for its inhibitory effects on phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), with an IC50 of 6 μM. It demonstrates significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties, effectively scavenging DPPH free radicals. Additionally, Tribuloside enhances melanogenesis, making it a valuable tool in the study of hypopigmentary disorders, sun protection mechanisms, and inflammatory conditions such as acute lung injury.

Saponarin is a flavonoid compound that functions primarily as an inhibitor of ERK/p38, NF-κB, and MAPK phosphorylation while activating AMPK. It exhibits significant biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypotensive effects. Additionally, Saponarin has been shown to reduce IL-1β and COX-2 levels, making it relevant for research applications related to inflammation and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, this compound has demonstrated potential in addressing sleep disorders.

Poricoic acid B is a triterpenoid compound derived from Poria cocos, primarily known for its ability to inhibit intracellular lipid accumulation. This compound demonstrates significant effects on reducing levels of hepatocyte injury markers and suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Poricoic acid B is valuable for research applications related to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and various inflammatory conditions.

Genistein 7-β-D-Glucuronide is a natural product known for its inhibitory effects on tubulogenesis and endothelial migration. This compound serves as a valuable tool in angiogenesis research and vascular biology studies, helping to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these critical processes. Its role in modulating cellular behaviors makes it significant for investigations in cancer biology and tissue engineering.

(±)-Glaziovine is a proaporphine alkaloid that exhibits notable anxiolytic activity. This compound is utilized in neuropharmacological research to investigate its effects on anxiety and related disorders. Its biological properties make it a valuable tool for studying the underlying mechanisms of anxiety and potential therapeutic approaches.

Lamalbid is a natural product derived from Lantana montevidensis that acts primarily as an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This compound exhibits significant antioxidant properties, making it valuable in research applications focused on oxidative stress and related cellular processes. Its potential therapeutic implications may extend to conditions associated with oxidative damage and inflammation.

Curdlan, a bacterial polysaccharide, is composed of a glucose homopolymer linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds. It interacts with Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor, triggering immune responses in mast cells and enhancing dendritic cell functions relevant to tumor immunity. Curdlan is of significant interest in research focused on cancer therapies and the modulation of immune-inflammatory conditions.

β-D-Glucan is a natural non-digestible polysaccharide that primarily targets recognition receptors such as Dectin-1 and Toll-like receptors. It exhibits high biocompatibility and can be readily internalized by murine and human macrophages, facilitating targeted delivery. This molecule serves as an effective enteric delivery vehicle for probiotics, making it valuable for research applications in immunology and microbiome studies.

Papaveraldine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid known for its antispasmodic effects and ability to provide protection against histamine-induced bronchospasm in animal models. Additionally, it is utilized in formulations targeting melanin production, making it valuable for studies related to hair pigmentation and treatment of grey hair. Its biological activity positions it as a potential candidate for further research into respiratory health and cosmetic applications.

Embramine hydrochloride is a monoethanolamine compound that functions primarily as an antihistamine and anticholinergic agent. It effectively inhibits histamine receptors and blocks acetylcholine action, making it valuable in studies related to allergic responses and neurotransmission. This reagent is commonly utilized in research focused on understanding various natural products and their pharmacological effects.

Onitin is a natural product derived from Onychium siliculosum that functions as a non-competitive antagonist of histamine. It effectively blocks the peristaltic reflex in guinea-pig ileum and inhibits the responses of both guinea-pig ileum and tracheal muscle to histamine. Its mechanism of action makes it valuable for research into gastrointestinal motility and respiratory responses mediated by histamine signaling.

Pongamol is a flavonoid that targets PTPase-1B and intestinal α-Glycosidase with an IC50 of 75 μM and 103.5 μM, respectively. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the release of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α while also reversing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Additionally, Pongamol promotes glucose uptake through GLUT4 upregulation, inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the FAK/Akt-mTOR pathway, and demonstrates neuroprotective effects in models of Alzheimer's disease by alleviating oxidative stress and restoring autophagy. Pongamol is valuable for research applications in Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, and non-small cell lung cancer.

Juvenile hormone B 3 (mixture of diastereomers) is a sesquiterpenoid hormone primarily targeting juvenile hormone receptors Met and Gce. This compound exhibits anti-metamorphic activity by modulating the expression of Kr-h1 through direct receptor interaction. Juvenile hormone B 3 is utilized in research focused on insect lethality and developmental regulation, providing insights into hormonal control in insects such as Drosophila melanogaster.

Humantenine is a highly toxic indole alkaloid derived from Gelsemium elegans. It specifically targets RNA m6A modification regulatory proteins, including ALKBH5 and METTL, where it binds stably through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This binding disrupts m6A methylation levels of target genes, leading to impaired expression of intestinal epithelial cell tight junction and cytoskeleton-related genes, ultimately resulting in intestinal barrier dysfunction and substantial cytotoxicity. In animal studies, Humantenine exhibits an intraperitoneal LD50 of less than 1 mg/kg in mice. Its metabolism varies across species, with notable demethylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation observed in liver microsomes of humans, pigs, goats, and rats.

3-Indolebutyric acid is a plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural plant rooting products.

4-Methylumbelliferone is a selective inhibitor of Hyaluronan (HA) synthesis which is thought to function as an inhibitor via the depletion of UDP-glucuronic acid, the common substrate for HA synthesis.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan.

Aesculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). It is used in a microbiology laboratory to aid in the identification of bacterial species (especially Enterococci and Listeria).

Aloin (Barbaloin) is a yellow crystalline substance obtained from aloe and is reported to be a potent inhibitors of tyrosinase.

Amygdalin is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of the tree Prunus dulcis. Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

Andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential for being developed as a cancer therapeutic agent.

Apigenin, found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally-occurring glycosides. Apigenin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property. Apigenin is a ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors that competitively inhibited the binding of flunitrazepam with a Ki of 4μM, exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects.

Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Arbutin inhibits melanin formation due to its tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Azomycin(2-Nitroimidazole) is an antimicrobial antibiotic produced by a strain of Nocardia mesenterica, which is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Bilobalide, a biologically active terpenic trilactone (terpinoid), derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is an inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A1 and CYP1A2. May contain properties to stop apoptosis activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.

Biochanin A is an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits iNOS expression and lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages. Additionally, Biochanin A displays the ability to block phosphorylation of IκBα and p38 MAPK, which prevents NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Biochanin A has been observed to suppress IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as hydroxycinnamic acid.

Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea). It has been shown to induce an anti-inflammatory effect, most likely by inhibition of COX-2 expression and via IL-6 signaling. In rodent in vivo studies, chrysin was found anxiolytic.

Chrysophanic acid (Chrysophanol) blocks proliferation of colon cancer cells by inhibiting EGFR/mTOR pathway.

Cinchonidine is an alkaloid used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonine.

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the mitochondrial transporter chain that behaves as a powerful antioxidant. Displays neuroprotective activity.

Cryptotanshinone, a natural compound isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), dramatically blocks STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation but not STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in DU145 cells, and significantly inhibits JAK2 phosphorylation with IC50 of ~5 μM without affecting the phosphorylation of upstream kinases c-Src and EGFR.

Curcumol induces apoptosis via caspases-independent mitochondrial pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells.

Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects.

Cyclovirobuxine D (Bebuxine) is an active compound extracted from Buxus microphylla that significantly increases cardiomyocytes viability injured by oxidation or hypoxia.