Epigenetics
Epigenetics research delves into the molecular mechanisms that control gene expression and cellular traits without altering the underlying DNA sequence. One crucial aspect of this field is the role of small molecules, which act as powerful regulators of epigenetic modifications. These small compounds, typically comprising a few dozen to a few hundred atoms, have emerged as essential tools in understanding and manipulating the epigenome.
- DNA Methylation Inhibitors: Small molecules like 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine are DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. They block the addition of methyl groups to DNA, leading to DNA demethylation. This can reactivate silenced genes, potentially offering therapeutic avenues for conditions like cancer.
- HDAC inhibitors: HDACs remove acetyl groups from histone proteins, contributing to gene repression. Small molecule HDAC inhibitors, such as Vorinostat and Romidepsin, can reverse this process by increasing histone acetylation, allowing genes to be more accessible for transcription. These inhibitors are being explored for cancer therapy and other conditions.
- Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitors: Small molecules like GSK126 inhibit specific histone methyltransferases, affecting histone methylation patterns. This can alter gene expression, making them promising candidates for cancer and other diseases with epigenetic dysregulation.
- RNA Modulators: Small molecules can also target non-coding RNAs involved in epigenetic regulation. For instance, small molecules called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be designed to target and degrade specific long non-coding RNAs, influencing gene expression.
- Epigenetic Reader Domain Inhibitors: These small molecules target proteins that recognize and bind to specific epigenetic marks. Examples include inhibitors of bromodomain-containing proteins (BET inhibitors), which can disrupt gene regulation by interfering with protein-DNA interactions.
Small molecules in epigenetics research not only provide insights into the fundamental biology of gene regulation but also hold immense promise for developing novel therapeutics. Their ability to selectively modulate specific epigenetic marks and pathways has led to ongoing clinical trials and drug development efforts for various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Understanding and harnessing the power of these small molecules is at the forefront of modern epigenetics research, offering new hope for precision medicine and targeted therapies.
3 key components involved in the regulation of epigenetic modifications
Epigenetics Writer
Epigenetics writers are enzymes responsible for adding chemical marks or modifications to DNA or histone proteins. These marks include DNA methylation (addition of methyl groups to DNA) and histone modifications (such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, etc.).
Epigenetics Reader
Function: Epigenetics readers are proteins that can recognize and bind to specific epigenetic marks on DNA or histones. These reader proteins interpret the epigenetic code and facilitate downstream cellular processes, such as gene activation or repression.
Epigenetics Eraser
Function: Epigenetics erasers are enzymes responsible for removing or reversing epigenetic marks on DNA or histones. This process allows for the dynamic regulation of gene expression and the resetting of epigenetic states during various stages of development and in response to environmental changes.
Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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Hhat Inhibitor
RUSKI-201 dihydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat), demonstrating an IC50 of 0.20 μM. This compound effectively blocks Hedgehog signaling in cells overexpressing Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and inhibits the palmitoylation process essential for Hh function. RUSKI-201 dihydrochloride serves as a valuable chemical probe for investigating Hhat catalytic activity in cellular studies, providing insights into the mechanisms of Hedgehog signaling. -
HHAT Inhibitor
IMP-1575 is a potent inhibitor of Hedgehog acyltransferase (HHAT), demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.75 μM against purified HHAT. This compound is valuable for research focused on cancer, particularly in studies exploring the role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. Its specificity and efficacy make it a significant tool for investigating HHAT-related biological processes and potential therapeutic applications. -
Hhat Inhibitor
RUSKI-201 is a specific inhibitor of Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat), exhibiting an IC50 of 0.20 μM. This compound effectively disrupts Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in cells that overexpress Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and inhibits the palmitoylation of Hh. RUSKI-201 serves as a valuable chemical probe for investigating Hhat catalytic function and its role in cellular signaling pathways. -
HDAC1 Inhibitor, NTR/pH Fluorescence Inducer
HDAC-IN-101 is a selective inhibitor of HDAC1, exhibiting an IC50 of 65 nM against human HDAC1. This compound effectively inhibits cancer cell proliferation by targeting HDAC1 activity. In addition, HDAC-IN-101 is metabolically activated by overexpressed nitroreductase to produce H6AQ, which displays fluorescence under low pH conditions. Its unique properties make it valuable for applications in cancer research and cellular imaging studies. -
PAD Inhibitor
BB-Cl-Amidine hydrochloride is a selective peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor. It demonstrates significant inhibitory activity against PAD enzymes, influencing protein citrullination processes. This compound is utilized in research focused on the role of PAD enzymes in various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as for exploring mechanisms of protein modification. -
PAD2 Inhibitor
AFM32a hydrochloride is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), derived from a benzimidazole structure. It demonstrates high potency and a remarkable selectivity profile, exhibiting a 95-fold preference for PAD2 over PAD4 and a 79-fold preference over PAD3. This compound is valuable for research applications focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of PAD2 in various biological processes. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
GSK484 is a selective inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), effectively blocking the enzyme's catalytic activity to inhibit protein citrullination and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. This compound demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by reducing histone H3 production, modulating MHC-I expression, and inhibiting CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation. Research applications include studies on rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and colitis, as well as investigations into intestinal microbial homeostasis and ferroptosis-related dysbiosis. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
JBI-589 is a non-covalent inhibitor selectively targeting the PAD4 isoform. This compound effectively reduces CXCR2 expression and inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, making it instrumental in the study of inflammatory processes. JBI-589 demonstrates potential in diminishing primary tumors and metastases while enhancing the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. It is suitable for various applications in cancer research. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
BMS-P5 free base is a selective inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), demonstrating an IC50 of 98 nM. This compound exhibits specificity for PAD4 over PAD1, PAD2, and PAD3. BMS-P5 free base effectively inhibits multiple myeloma (MM)-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and has been shown to delay the progression of MM in syngeneic mouse models, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer and inflammation. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
BMS-P5 is a selective inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), demonstrating an IC50 of 98 nM. This compound exhibits notable selectivity for PAD4 over PAD1, PAD2, and PAD3. BMS-P5 effectively inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation induced by multiple myeloma (MM) and has been shown to delay the progression of MM in syngeneic mouse models, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and the study of inflammatory responses. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
PAD-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of pad4 with an IC50 of less than 1 μM. This compound is valuable in the investigation of various autoimmune diseases and cancers, including rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, cystic fibrosis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. Its ability to modulate pad4 activity makes it a significant tool for research aimed at understanding these complex conditions. -
PAD2 inhibitor
KP-302 is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase PAD2, exhibiting a Ki value of 60 μM. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity by reversing physical disability in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as reducing T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. KP-302 serves as a valuable research tool for investigating disease-modifying therapies in the context of MS. -
Plant Resistance Protein Activator
DFPM is a plant resistance protein activator that modulates signaling pathways in roots, resulting in root growth arrest. This compound has been shown to decrease root cell viability in the Col-0 accession. Notably, DFPM exhibits light sensitivity in aqueous solutions and becomes bioactive through light and oxygen-dependent modifications, making it a valuable tool for studying plant defense mechanisms and root development processes. -
PAD2 Inhibitor
AFM-30a is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), exhibiting an EC50 of 9.5 μM for PAD2 binding. This compound effectively inhibits H3 citrullination with an EC50 value of 0.4 μM. AFM-30a is useful for investigating the role of PAD2 in various biological processes, particularly in cancer research and the study of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis. -
PAD2 Inhibitor
AFM32a is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), characterized by its benzimidazole structure. This compound demonstrates a remarkable selectivity, exhibiting a 95-fold preference for PAD2 over PAD4 and a 79-fold preference over PAD3. Its potential applications in biochemical research include investigations into the role of PAD2 in various physiological and pathological processes, making it a valuable tool for studying citrullination and related signaling pathways. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
PAD4-IN-2 is a selective inhibitor of the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) enzyme, with an IC50 value of 1.94 μM. This compound has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in mouse models by specifically targeting the PAD4-H3cit-neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) pathway in neutrophils. PAD4-IN-2 is useful for research applications exploring cancer biology, inflammation, and neutrophil function. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
TDFA is an irreversible inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), a crucial enzyme involved in the modification of arginine residues to citrulline. This compound exhibits significant biological activity by affecting histone modifications and autoimmunity-related processes. TDFA is valuable for research applications focusing on rheumatoid arthritis, cancer biology, and neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights into the role of PAD4 in various disease mechanisms. -
PAD inhibitor
(Rac)-Cl-amidine is a potent inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase (PAD), demonstrating oral bioavailability and effective inhibition of PAD activity. This compound serves as a valuable tool for investigating PAD functions in cellular contexts, influencing critical biological processes such as gene transcription, cell differentiation, and innate immune responses. Its ability to stabilize epigenetic modifications makes (Rac)-Cl-amidine an important reagent for research in immunology and epigenetics. -
PAD inhibitor
2-PADQZ is a potent inhibitor targeting Protein Arginine Deiminase, demonstrating significant antiviral activity against influenza viruses. It specifically binds to the RNA promoter of the influenza A virus, creating a binding site within the internal loop, which disrupts viral replication. Research involving 2-PADQZ has shown notable inhibitory effects against H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses, making it a valuable tool for investigations into antiviral therapeutics and influenza virus biology. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
PAD4-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme PAD4, exhibiting an IC50 of ≤10 nM under 50 µM Ca2+ conditions and between 101-500 nM under 1 mM Ca2+ conditions. This compound serves as a valuable tool for investigating the role of PAD4 in autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Its specificity and efficacy make it suitable for research focused on the pathophysiology of these disorders and the development of targeted therapies. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
F-Amidine TFA is a selective inhibitor of Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4), an enzyme crucial in the process of citrullination, which impacts various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. This compound has demonstrated significant potential in the study of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis by modulating PAD4 activity. F-Amidine TFA serves as a valuable tool for researchers exploring the role of PAD4 in immune system dysregulation and related pathologies. -
PAD3 Inhibitor
PAD3-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 3 (PAD3), exhibiting over 10-fold selectivity compared to PAD isoforms 1, 2, and 4. With IC50 values of 120 μM for PAD1, 27.5 μM for PAD2, 4.5 μM for PAD3, and 30.5 μM for PAD4, PAD3-IN-1 is particularly effective for targeting PAD3. This isoform is implicated in neurodegenerative processes following spinal cord injury, allowing PAD3-IN-1 to serve as a valuable tool for investigating PAD-related neurological disorders. -
Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 Inhibitor
GSK147 is a potent inhibitor of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4), demonstrating a Kd of 0.47 µM. This compound effectively inhibits ionomycin-induced protein citrullination in isolated human neutrophils, making it a valuable tool for studying PAD4 activity and its role in various inflammatory conditions. GSK147 is applicable in research focusing on autoimmune diseases and the modulation of protein citrullination. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
PAD4-IN-3 is a potent inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), exhibiting notable antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. It is designed to be covalently linked to an RGD sequence peptide-modified chitosan, resulting in an oxidative stress-responsive nanoagent. This composite, K-CRGDV-PAD4-IN-3, targets tumors effectively, inhibits PAD4 activity, and suppresses the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), thereby enhancing the tumor immune microenvironment. Its applications in cancer research focus on improving therapeutic responses and understanding immune modulation within the tumor context. -
PAD Inhibitor
BB-Cl-Yne is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminases (PADs), demonstrating Ki values of 6400, 3600, 10800, and 4900 M-1min-1 for PAD1 to PAD4, respectively. This compound serves as a valuable tool for studying PAD enzymatic activity and its role in various biological processes. Additionally, BB-Cl-Yne can be utilized as a click probe for labeling PAD, facilitating research in epigenetics and signal transduction. -
PAD Inhibitor
BB-F-Yne is a potent inhibitor of protein arginine deiminases (PADs), exhibiting Ki values of 2050, 1700, 1100, and 3100 M^-1 min^-1 for PAD1 through PAD4, respectively. This compound serves as an effective click probe for labeling PAD, facilitating research into its biological roles. BB-F-Yne is valuable for studies investigating the modulation of PAD activity and its implications in various physiological and pathological processes. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
F-Amidine is an inhibitor of Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), a key enzyme involved in the regulation of protein citrullination. This compound is valuable for studying its role in inflammatory and immune system disorders, particularly in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Researchers can utilize F-Amidine to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses and identify potential therapeutic targets for related diseases. -
PAD4 Inhibitor
GSK199 analog hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification of arginine residues. This compound exhibits promising anti-inflammatory properties and is being explored for therapeutic applications in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis. Additionally, it shows potential in the treatment of oncological conditions and other disorders characterized by dysregulated citrullination, making it a valuable tool for researchers investigating these diseases. -
METTL3/METTL14/WTAP Activator
METTL3 activator-1 free base is a potent activator of the METTL3, METTL14, and WTAP complexes. This compound enhances HIV-1 p24 virion production and significantly increases the N6-adenosine methylation levels within the viral RNA genome. It serves as a valuable tool for research in viral biology and RNA modification studies. -
SIRT1 Inhibitor
SIRT1-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of SIRT1, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.205 μM. In addition to its primary target, it also inhibits SIRT2 with an IC50 of 11.5 μM. This indole compound demonstrates antiviral activity, particularly against cytomegalovirus (CMV), making it a valuable tool for research into SIRT1-related pathways and antiviral applications. -
Antiviral Agent
Antiviral Agent 24 is a potent antiviral compound that primarily targets viral replication pathways. Exhibiting EC50 values of 0.101 µM for Enterovirus 71 (EV71), 19.9 µM for Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), and 91.2 µM for Enterovirus 68 (EV68), this reagent demonstrates significant antiviral activity. Additionally, Antiviral Agent 24 inhibits the enzymatic activity of METTL3/METTL14 in a dose-dependent manner, showcasing its potential utility in antiviral research applications. -
Enterovirus Inhibitor
Antiviral agent 23 is a potent inhibitor of enterovirus 71 (EV71) with an EC50 value of 94 nM. It effectively suppresses the activity of the methyltransferase complex METTL3/METTL14, demonstrating significant antiviral activity. This compound is suitable for research focused on enteroviral infections and the mechanisms of RNA modification in viral pathogenesis. -
SIRT Inhibitor
Nicotinamide hydrochloride is an inhibitor of SIRT1 and SIRT2, targeting the sirtuin family of proteins critical for cellular regulation. This reagent has been shown to enhance cellular levels of NAD+ and ATP while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Research applications include investigation into tumor growth inhibition and potential improvements in survival, as well as exploring its anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity. -
SIRT2 Inhibitor
RK-9123016 is a selective inhibitor of SIRT2, effectively inhibiting its enzymatic activity with an IC50 of 0.18 µM, while showing no significant effect on SIRT1 or SIRT3 at concentrations up to 100 µM. This compound enhances the acetylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), a known substrate of SIRT2, and is shown to decrease cell viability in human breast cancer cells, correlating with reduced expression of c-Myc. RK-9123016 is valuable for research into cancer biology and the role of sirtuins in cellular processes. -
WDR5-MYC PPI Inhibitor
WDR5-MYC-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of the WDR5-MYC protein-protein interaction, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.59 μM. This compound is valuable for investigating MYC-driven cancers and facilitates the development of novel WDR5-MYC PPI inhibitors. Its mechanism of action offers insights into therapeutic strategies targeting MYC in oncogenesis. -
EZH2 PROTAC
PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-41 is a PROTAC designed to target EZH2 by recruiting cIAP E3 ubiquitin ligase. This compound facilitates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of EZH2, thereby exerting significant antiproliferative effects in lymphoma cells. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-41 is a valuable tool for investigating the role of EZH2 in lymphoma research and its potential as a therapeutic target. -
SIRT1 Activator
Altissimacoumarin F is a terpenylated coumarin that acts as an activator of SIRT1, a protein implicated in cellular stress response and longevity. This compound, isolated from the stem bark of Ailanthus altissima, enhances SIRT1 activity while simultaneously decreasing p53 transcriptional activity. Altissimacoumarin F is valuable for research into age-related disorders and related pathways, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies. -
SIRT1 Inhibitor
SIRT1-IN-6 is a selective SIRT1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 9.7 μM. This compound effectively increases p53 acetylation, which is significant in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. SIRT1-IN-6 is ideal for research applications related to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies for these conditions. -
DNMT Inhibitor, Anti-Malarial
DNMT-IN-3 is a DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor that exhibits significant antimalarial activity, showing an IC50 of 60 nM against Plasmodium falciparum. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on malaria, providing insight into the role of DNA methylation in the parasite's biology and potential therapeutic strategies. -
HCV/HDAC6 Inhibitor
Nicoxamat, also known as N-Hydroxynicotinamide, functions as an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and selectively targets HDAC6. This compound exhibits antiviral activity against HCV, making it a useful tool in research on hepatitis C infection. Its role as an HDAC6 inhibitor further supports investigations into epigenetic regulation and potential therapeutic strategies. -
p300 inhibitor
Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor II is a potent and cell permeable p300 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5μM; Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor II can be used in cancer research.
