Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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HSV-1 Inhibitor
Yatein is a lignan derived from A. chilensis with a primary mechanism of inhibiting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication. It exerts its antiviral activity through the disruption of immediate-early gene expression, thereby reducing viral propagation. This compound is useful for research applications focused on viral infections and potential therapeutic strategies against HSV-1. -
Styryl Lactone
Goniothalamin is a styryl lactone that demonstrates insecticidal, anti-tumor, and antibacterial properties. It induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells, while exhibiting larvicidal effects against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and cytotoxicity against brine shrimp larvae. Additionally, Goniothalamin shows antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal efficacy against pathogens such as Candida albicans and Trichophyton species. This compound is relevant for research in breast cancer, lymphatic filariasis, and the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. -
Antibiotic
Terrein is an antibiotic that functions as a melanogenesis inhibitor. It induces apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines and acts as an inhibitor of quorum sensing and cyclic di-GMP levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This compound is valuable in studying mechanisms of cancer cell regulation and bacterial communication processes. -
Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor
Thujopsene is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically targeting CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9, with IC50 values of 1.3, 12.6, 13.6, 29.8, and 44.9 μM, respectively. In addition to its role as a metabolic inhibitor, thujopsene binds to PKM2, disrupting cancer cell metabolic pathways and inducing apoptosis in MKN45 cells, thereby demonstrating significant antitumor activity. This compound also exhibits notable anti-termite and antifungal properties through its autoxidation process, broadening its potential applications in both cancer research and pest control. -
Antibiotic/DNA Inhibitor
Bleomycin A5 (hydrochloride) is a glycopeptide antibiotic that primarily functions as a DNA inhibitor. This compound exerts its cytotoxic effects by chelating Fe2+, which leads to the formation of reactive species that induce both single-strand and double-strand breaks in DNA, thereby disrupting DNA replication. Additionally, Bleomycin A5 (hydrochloride) inhibits Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and modulates the PINK1/Parkin pathway, contributing to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. It is widely utilized in cancer research applications. -
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Abacavir hydrochloride is a competitive, orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor primarily targeting HIV replication. This compound demonstrates significant anti-HIV activity and has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects in prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, Abacavir hydrochloride has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and suppress telomerase activity, making it a valuable reagent for research in virology and cancer biology. -
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Abacavir monosulfate is a competitive, orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor targeting HIV replication. It demonstrates significant antiviral activity against HIV and exhibits anticancer properties in prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, Abacavir monosulfate is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and effectively suppresses telomerase activity, making it a valuable tool for research in virology and oncology. -
Apoptosis Inducer
2-Methoxyjuglone is a naphthoquinone that functions primarily as an apoptosis inducer. It activates caspase-9 and caspase-3 through the mitochondrial cytochrome c-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, leading to increased pro-apoptotic Bax levels and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels. 2-Methoxyjuglone also induces apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial cytochrome c release and is associated with morphological changes of apoptosis, early apoptotic signals, cell cycle arrest in S-phase and G2/M-phase, as well as DNA double-strand breaks. Additionally, it exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria and pathogenic fungi, making it valuable in the research of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, as well as in studies of fungal and bacterial infections. -
Antifungal Peptide
Periplanetasin-2 is an antifungal peptide that exerts its effects primarily through the induction of oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promoting lipid peroxidation. In addition to its antifungal activity, Periplanetasin-2 can also trigger apoptosis in target cells. This compound is valuable for research applications aimed at understanding fungal pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutic strategies against fungal infections. -
FASN Inhibitor
Cerulenin is a potent natural inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FASN), derived from the fungus Cephalosporium caeruleus. It acts by inhibiting topoisomerase I catalytic activity, consequently enhancing apoptosis induced by SN-38. Cerulenin exhibits both antifungal and antitumor properties, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer therapies and fungal infections. -
Nonionic Surfactant
Polyethylene glycol mono(4-tert-octylphenyl) ether is a nonionic surfactant that effectively solubilizes lipid membranes, facilitating various laboratory applications. It serves as a crucial excipient in the formulation of vaccines, including split virus influenza vaccines, and is integral during different stages of vaccine manufacturing. In addition to its role in vaccine development, this compound has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in prostate and colon cancer cell lines and to diminish the infectivity of enveloped viruses, such as West Nile Virus (WNV). -
Antibiotic and APN Inhibitor
Actinonin is a naturally occurring antibiotic that functions primarily as an aminopeptidase N inhibitor. It exhibits potent antimicrobial activity and acts as a reversible peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.28 nM. Additionally, Actinonin shows inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-9, with respective Ki values of 300 nM, 1,700 nM, 190 nM, and 330 nM. It also possesses pro-apoptotic properties and has demonstrated antiproliferative and antitumor activities, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic exploration. -
P2X3 Receptor Antagonist
Aurintricarboxylic acid is a selective allosteric antagonist of the P2X3 receptor, demonstrating nanomolar potency with IC50 values of 72.9 nM for rP2X3R and 8.6 nM for rP2X1R. It exhibits significant anti-influenza activity by inhibiting neuraminidase and serves as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, influencing apoptosis mechanisms. Additionally, aurintricarboxylic acid modulates the TWEAK-Fn14 signaling pathway and acts as a cystathionine-lyase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. Its role in regulating miRNA function is also noteworthy, with an IC50 of 0.47 µM, making it valuable for various biological research applications. -
Antibacterial Agent
Lasalocid is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that functions as a feed additive in agricultural applications. It has demonstrated antitumor activity, suggesting potential utility in oncological research. Additionally, Lasalocid is orally bioactive, making it suitable for studies involving gastrointestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics. -
Bacterial Agent And Polyamine Transport System Inhibitor
AMXT-1501 is an antibacterial agent and polyamine transport system inhibitor that targets membrane phospholipids. It exhibits significant antibacterial activity against a range of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, specifically inhibiting capsular biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, AMXT-1501 interferes with ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine pathways, leading to the inhibition of neuroblastoma cell proliferation. Research applications include studies on multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, pneumococcal infections, and neuroblastoma therapeutics. -
Antifungal Agent
Iturin A is a cyclic lipopeptide that exhibits potent antifungal activity. Iturin A disrupts fungal cell membranes and induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. This compound holds promise for research applications in antifungal therapeutics and cancer biology, showcasing notable antitumor effects. -
SCD1 Inhibitor
SSI-4 is a potent stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) inhibitor with an EC50 of 1.9 nM for mouse SCD1. By blocking the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, SSI-4 effectively reduces oleic and palmitoleic acid production. It promotes lipid peroxidation, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activates apoptotic pathways. Additionally, SSI-4 inhibits mTORC1 activity, suppresses B cell proliferation and antibody production, and induces autophagy. This compound is valuable for studies related to cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma, as well as influenza infections. -
Antibiotic
Bleomycin A5 is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts cytotoxic effects primarily through its interaction with Fe2+, leading to the formation of a complex that induces both single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks, while inhibiting DNA replication. Additionally, it targets Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and suppresses the PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy, ultimately promoting mitochondria-mediated cellular apoptosis. This compound is valuable in cancer research, particularly in studies focused on mechanisms of apoptosis and DNA damage responses. -
Antibacterial Agent
Lasalocid sodium is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent primarily utilized in veterinary medicine as a feed additive. This compound exhibits significant antitumor activity, demonstrating potential for additional therapeutic applications. Its oral bioactivity further enhances its utility in various research studies focused on microbial resistance and cancer biology. -
Fungicide Agent
Epoxiconazole is a demethylation inhibitor targeting the Ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It demonstrates significant inhibitory activity against both carbendazim-resistant and phenamacril-resistant fungal isolates. This compound is widely utilized in agricultural research for the control of various crop diseases, contributing to effective crop management strategies. -
Fungicide
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum β-methoxyacrylate fungicide that primarily targets the cytochrome bc1 complex, inhibiting mitochondrial respiration through binding at the Qo site. This mechanism disrupts electron transfer, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent induction of apoptosis in fungal cells. Azoxystrobin is essential for research applications focusing on fungal physiology, plant pathology, and the development of disease management strategies. -
Fungicide
Fludioxonil is a phenylpyrrole fungicide that targets fungal cell growth by inhibiting the development of plant pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. It exhibits significant biological activity through its ability to disrupt cytoskeletal integrity, induce DNA damage, and promote apoptosis in mouse glioma cells. Additionally, Fludioxonil has been observed to influence tumor growth and metastasis, alongside potential cardiotoxic effects. This compound serves as a valuable tool in agricultural research and studies related to cellular mechanisms of toxicity and cancer progression. -
Apoptosis Inducer
Hirsutine, an indole alkaloid derived from Uncaria rhynchophylla, serves as an apoptosis inducer with notable anti-cancer properties. It effectively triggers apoptotic pathways while demonstrating significant inhibitory effects against Dengue virus, all with low cytotoxicity. This compound is valuable for research in cancer biology and virology, enabling studies on apoptotic mechanisms and antiviral strategies. -
Antibiotic
Tylvalosin is a macrolide antibiotic that exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Primarily utilized as an antiviral agent, Tylvalosin is effective in studying Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection. This compound also induces apoptosis and possesses anti-inflammatory properties, helping to mitigate oxidative stress and acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Its diverse biological activities make Tylvalosin valuable for research in infectious diseases and inflammation. -
SDHI Inhibitor
Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that exhibits significant antifungal activity. By binding to the ubiquinone-binding site of mitochondrial complex II in fungi, Boscalid disrupts ATP production and aerobic respiration, effectively controlling a range of plant fungal diseases, such as gray mold, sclerotinia rot, and powdery mildew. In addition to its agricultural applications, research indicates that Boscalid induces apoptosis and alters lipid metabolism while causing mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and ROS accumulation in zebrafish models. Furthermore, it demonstrates chronic toxicity and impacts foraging behavior in honeybees, alongside exhibiting genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in cellular systems. -
Antimicrobial Peptide
Protegrin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide that exhibits potent antibacterial activity by activating ERK, COX2, and NFκB pathways, while inhibiting apoptosis and nitric oxide production. It demonstrates significant bactericidal effects against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 µM. Additionally, Protegrin-1 shows antiviral activity against the dengue virus NS2B-NS3 and possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable tool in the research of inflammatory diseases and infections. -
Antibiotic
Tylvalosin tartrate is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic primarily targeting bacterial infections. This compound exhibits significant antimicrobial activity and is effective in studying Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infections. Additionally, Tylvalosin tartrate induces apoptosis, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, relieves oxidative stress, and mitigates acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation. It serves as a valuable tool for research into viral pathogenesis and cellular responses. -
Antimicrobial Agent
Dipyrithione is a potent antimicrobial agent primarily targeting fungal pathogens. It exhibits significant antifungal and antiproliferative activities, inducing apoptosis and G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Additionally, Dipyrithione demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and exhibits anti-tumor potential. This compound is of particular interest for research applications related to dermatophytosis and other fungal infections. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Citrinin is a mycotoxin known for its role as a bacterial inhibitor. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including the regulation of immune cell populations, induction of apoptosis and autophagy in immune cells, and modulation of toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin also induces oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis in oocytes, while low doses demonstrate neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. This compound's diverse mechanisms make it a valuable reagent for research in immunology, neurobiology, and antibacterial applications. -
Macrocyclic Ellagitannin
Oenothein B is a dimeric macrocyclic ellagitannin known for its potent inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-HCV, and antitumor effects. This compound serves as a valuable tool in research applications focusing on cellular stress responses, inflammation, and cancer therapeutics. -
IMPDH Inhibitor
Mycophenolic acid sodium is a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), with an EC50 of 0.24 µM. This compound exhibits antiviral activity against various RNA viruses, including influenza, alongside its immunosuppressive properties. Additionally, Mycophenolic acid sodium demonstrates antiangiogenic and antitumor effects, making it valuable for research in immunology, virology, and cancer therapy. -
Anti-bacterial Agent
Pinosylvin is a stilbenoid toxin derived from the heartwood of Pinus species, exhibiting significant anti-bacterial activity. As a resveratrol analogue, it has been shown to induce apoptosis and autophagy in leukemia cells, making it a valuable agent for research in cancer therapy and infectious disease studies. Its unique properties position Pinosylvin as a promising candidate for further exploration in the development of anti-microbial and anti-cancer compounds. -
Virus Protease Inhibitor
Anthraquinone acts primarily as a viral protease inhibitor, exhibiting multifaceted biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-arthritic, antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, and antioxidant properties. This compound plays a crucial role in plant metabolism by impacting the electron transport chain, thereby inhibiting energy transfer during photosynthesis. Additionally, anthraquinone intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to cell death through apoptosis. This diverse profile supports its applications in various fields of chemical and biological research. -
Antibiotic
Maduramicin ammonium is a potent antibiotic derived from the actinomycete Actinomadura rubra, primarily functioning as an anticoccidial agent. It effectively targets Eimeria spp., including E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa, making it valuable in the treatment of coccidiosis. Additionally, Maduramicin ammonium has been shown to induce apoptosis in chicken myocardial cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, underscoring its utility in biological research involving cell viability and apoptosis mechanisms. -
Antitumor Antibiotic
Neocarzinostatin (solution) is a potent antitumor antibiotic that primarily targets double-stranded DNA through the recognition of DNA bulges, leading to the induction of double strand breaks (DSBs). This mechanism initiates apoptosis in cancer cells, making Neocarzinostatin an important reagent for studying DNA damage response and cancer biology. It exhibits potential in the treatment of EpCAM-positive cancers, providing a valuable tool for researchers investigating therapeutic strategies in oncology. -
Fungal Inhibitor
Mancozeb is a potent fungicide that operates primarily by inhibiting fungal growth in a variety of agricultural products, including cereals, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. In addition to its antifungal properties, Mancozeb has been shown to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, leading to liver damage in mice. It alters cellular metabolism through the upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c, resulting in induced apoptotic pathways, particularly in ovarian cells. This compound is of significant interest in studies related to reproductive toxicity and cellular metabolism. -
Antioxidant Agent
Clovamide is a natural phenolic compound that functions as a potent antioxidant agent. It effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen radicals, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Additionally, Clovamide exhibits antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such as influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Helicobacter pylori, making it valuable for various biological research applications. -
Antibacterial Agent
5-Fluoroindole is a fluorinated indole derivative that serves as an antibacterial agent. It has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and initiate apoptosis in bacterial cells. 5-Fluoroindole effectively inhibits the growth of pan-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains and demonstrates significant bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, with an EC50 of 15.34 µg/mL. This compound is valuable for research focused on tuberculosis and bacterial infections in kiwifruit. Additionally, its fluorinated structure makes it suitable for protein labeling applications. -
Apoptosis Inducer
Falcarindiol is an orally active polyacetylenic oxylipin that functions as an apoptosis inducer by activating PPARγ and enhancing the expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in cells. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, as a click chemistry reagent, Falcarindiol contains an alkyne group, allowing it to participate in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions with azide-containing molecules, making it valuable for various research applications. -
Antibiotic
Levofloxacin hydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that primarily targets DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, leading to the inhibition of bacterial DNA replication and subsequent apoptosis. This compound exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, making it suitable for research on infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and chronic periodontitis. Additionally, Levofloxacin hydrochloride demonstrates anticancer effects against lung cancer, along with potential anti-acnegenic, anxiogenic, and analgesic properties. Its effects on sleep duration in murine models further support its utility in various biomedical research applications. -
Apoptosis Inducer
δ-Cadinene is a sesquiterpene primarily known for its role as an apoptosis inducer. It exhibits significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects specifically in human ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) cells. Additionally, δ-Cadinene demonstrates broad-spectrum bioactivity, including trichomonacidal, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, making it a valuable compound for various research applications in cancer biology and infectious disease studies. -
HIV Protease Inhibitor
Indinavir is a selective inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, displaying a Ki value of 0.54 nM, making it a potent antiviral agent. In addition to its primary role in HIV treatment, Indinavir has demonstrated anticancer properties by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and promoting anti-angiogenic effects, alongside inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, Indinavir has shown inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV 3CL protease, expanding its potential applications in viral research. -
Bacterial/Fungal Inhibitor, Preservative Agent
Methylisothiazolinone is a potent bacterial and fungal inhibitor with significant applications as a preservative agent. It activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human bronchial epithelial cells, leading to apoptosis and an inflammatory response. Additionally, this compound is linked to the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis in mice through the disruption of Th2/Th17-related immune responses. Furthermore, Methylisothiazolinone has been shown to induce mitochondrial damage in the endothelium of rat cerebral blood vessels, highlighting its potential impact on vascular health. -
Antibiotic
Narasin is a cationic ionophore antibiotic that effectively targets various microbial pathogens and acts as a coccidiostat agent. Its biological activity includes the inhibition of NF-κB signaling, leading to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. Narasin also exhibits antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties, specifically inhibiting tumor metastasis and the growth of ERα-positive breast cancer cells by inactivating the TGF-β/SMAD3 and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic applications. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Oligomycin B is an antibiotic derived from marine Streptomyces, primarily acting as an inhibitor of ATP synthase in eukaryotic cells. Its mechanism of action leads to a decrease in ATP production, resulting in cellular stress and the induction of apoptosis. Oligomycin B is widely utilized in research focused on mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and apoptosis-related studies. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Lactoferrin (17-41) acetate is a peptide derived from residues 17-41 of bovine lactoferrin, primarily functioning as a bacterial inhibitor. It exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, Lactoferrin (17-41) acetate also demonstrates antitumor activities, making it a valuable reagent in studies related to infection control and cancer research. -
Apoptosis Inducer
Damnacanthal is an anthraquinone that primarily functions as an apoptosis inducer through selective inhibition of p56lck tyrosine kinase activity. Demonstrating significant anticancer properties, Damnacanthal effectively inhibits p56lck autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of exogenous substrates, with IC50 values of 46 nM and 220 nM, respectively. Additionally, Damnacanthal exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in murine models, along with antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This compound is valuable for research into cancer biology and related therapeutic pathways. -
Antibiotic
Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic that functions primarily as a mitochondrial uncoupler. It exhibits antibacterial, insecticidal, and acaricidal properties by acting as an ionophore for monovalent cations such as K+ and NH4+. Additionally, Nonactin inhibits the surface expression of endogenous HSP60 and can induce apoptosis in β-catenin mutant tumor cells, demonstrating its potential for anti-tumor applications. This compound is valuable for research in antibiotic resistance and cancer biology. -
Antibiotic
Quinocetone is an orally active antibiotic that targets various pathogenic microorganisms, making it effective as an animal feed additive to enhance meat production in livestock and poultry. It demonstrates antibacterial activity while also exhibiting tissue-specific toxicity, notably in the liver and lymphocytes. Quinocetone induces autophagy through the ATF6/DAPK1 pathway and activates the NF-κB and iNOS pathways, resulting in cell apoptosis and hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration. Furthermore, it can inhibit the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to oxidative stress and DNA damage. -
Antibiotic
Pyoluteorin is an antibiotic with a primary mechanism of inhibiting Oomycete fungi, specifically targeting the plant pathogen Pythium ultimum. This compound effectively suppresses diseases caused by this pathogen in plants. Additionally, Pyoluteorin has been shown to induce apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro, making it a valuable reagent for research in human triple-negative breast cancer.
