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Acetylcysteine is a pharmaceutical drug and nutritional supplement used primarily as a mucolytic agent and in the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Oral acetylcysteine is also used for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (a form of acute renal failure).
- Hua Xu, .et al. , Cancers (Basel), 2020, Apr; 12(4): 831 PMID: 32235588
- R Kasi, .et al. , Clinical Cancer Drugs, 2020, 2019, 7(1): 44 - 56
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RNA polymerase inhibitor
Antibiotic; inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Prototypical activator of the pregnane X receptor (PXR).- Meikle V, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, Nov 12. pii: AAC.01846-18 PMID: 30420480
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Hsp90 inhibitor
Geldanamycin binds to the ATP site of Hsp90 (Kd = 1.2 μM) and inhibits its chaperone activity.- Sunayn Cheku, .et al. , Fly (Austin), 2025, Apr 25;19(1):2497565 PMID: 40277072
- Michael Heider, .et al. , Mol Cell, 2021, Mar 18;81(6):1170-1186 PMID: 33571422
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viral RNA polymerase inhibitor
T-705, a substituted pyrazine compound, has been found to exhibit potent anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo.
- Thomas R Lane, .et al. , ACS Infect Dis, 2026, May 8;12(5):1776-1789 PMID: 42052926
- Dylan M Johnson, .et al. , Viruses, 2024, Jul 9;16(7):1101 PMID: 39066263
- Steven B Tillis, .et al. , Microorganisms, 2023, May 24;11(6):1371 PMID: 37374873
- Hyeon-Min Cha, .et al. , ACS Infect Dis, 2023, Apr 14;9(4):1033-1045 PMID: 36912867
- Satoko Yamaoka, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2022, Apr;200:105291 PMID: 35296419
- Crystal A Mendoza, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2021, Jan;185:104993 PMID: 33296695
- Liva Checkmahomed, .et al. , Viruses, 2020, Oct; 12(10): 1139 PMID: 33049959
- JE Comer, .et al. , Viruses, 2019, Feb 3;11(2). pii: E137 PMID: 30717492
- Ma J, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2018, Feb;150:112-122 PMID: 29253498
- Ji-Ae Kim, .et al. , Viruses, 2018, Feb; 10(2): 72 PMID: 29425176
- Haejin Chun, .et al. , Polym Chem, 2018, 9: 2116-2123
- Baz M, .et al. , Viruses, 2018, Nov 3;10(11) PMID: 30400276
- Sehee Park, .et al. , PLoS One., 2014, 9(7): e101325 PMID: 24992479
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NF-κB inhibitor
SC75741 is a potent NF-kB inhibitor with EC50 of 200 nM.- Yunshang Yang, .et al. , Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, Feb;158:114113 PMID: 36516692
- Yajun Li, .et al. , Cell Prolif, 2022, Oct;55(10) PMID: 35708050
- Crystal A Mendoza, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2021, Jan;185:104993 PMID: 33296695
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Dihydropyrimidinase Inhibitor
Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects. -
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor
Isoliquiritigenin is a licorice chalconoid, a type of natural phenols that is currently under experimentation phase testing for use as a cancer treatment as well as an aide for cocaine addiction. -
anti-infective agent
Tizoxanide is the active metabolite of Nitazoxanide, which is a thiazolide anti-infective compound against anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and a range of viruses. Tizoxanide has anti-HIV-1 activities. -
Antiviral Agent
Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) hydrochloride is an orally avtive and potent antiviral agent with activity against influenza A viruses. Amantadine hydrochloride inhibits several ion channels such as NMDA and M2, and also inhibits Coronavirus ion channels. Amantadine hydrochloride also has anti-orthopoxvirus and anticancer activity. Amantadine hydrochloride can be used for Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and COVID-19 research. -
Broad-spectrum Antiviral Agent
Moroxydine (ABOB) hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum agent with multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza virus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, measles, mumps disease, hepatitis C virus, etc. Moroxydine hydrochloride exhibits excellent antiviral activity and shows low cytotoxicity to cells infected by dsRNA viruses (grass carp reovirus, GCRV) and large DNA viruses (giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV). Moroxydine hydrochloride blocks the GCRV-induced cytopathic effects and eliminates nucleocapsids in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells to keep the normal morphological structure. Moroxydine hydrochloride significantly inhibits the apoptosis, the caspase 3 activity, Bax expression and down-regulates Bcl-2 levels. -
Antiviral Agent
Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) primarily functions as an antiviral agent targeting influenza A viruses. This compound inhibits ion channels, including M2 and NMDA, and demonstrates activity against Coronavirus ion channels. In addition to its antiviral properties, Amantadine has shown potential as an anti-orthopoxvirus agent and exhibits anticancer activity. Its applications extend to studies related to Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and COVID-19 research. -
Broad-spectrum Antiviral Agent
Moroxydine is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent targeting both DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and hepatitis C. It demonstrates significant antiviral efficacy while exhibiting low cytotoxicity, particularly against dsRNA viruses such as grass carp reovirus and large DNA viruses like giant salamander iridovirus. Moroxydine effectively inhibits cytopathic effects induced by GCRV and prevents the formation of nucleocapsids in renal cells, maintaining their normal morphology. Additionally, it significantly reduces apoptosis and modulates apoptosis-related proteins, including down-regulation of Bcl-2 and inhibition of caspase 3 activity. -
Nonionic Surfactant
Polyethylene glycol mono(4-tert-octylphenyl) ether is a nonionic surfactant that effectively solubilizes lipid membranes, facilitating various laboratory applications. It serves as a crucial excipient in the formulation of vaccines, including split virus influenza vaccines, and is integral during different stages of vaccine manufacturing. In addition to its role in vaccine development, this compound has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in prostate and colon cancer cell lines and to diminish the infectivity of enveloped viruses, such as West Nile Virus (WNV). -
P2X3 Receptor Antagonist
Aurintricarboxylic acid is a selective allosteric antagonist of the P2X3 receptor, demonstrating nanomolar potency with IC50 values of 72.9 nM for rP2X3R and 8.6 nM for rP2X1R. It exhibits significant anti-influenza activity by inhibiting neuraminidase and serves as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, influencing apoptosis mechanisms. Additionally, aurintricarboxylic acid modulates the TWEAK-Fn14 signaling pathway and acts as a cystathionine-lyase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. Its role in regulating miRNA function is also noteworthy, with an IC50 of 0.47 µM, making it valuable for various biological research applications. -
SCD1 Inhibitor
SSI-4 is a potent stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) inhibitor with an EC50 of 1.9 nM for mouse SCD1. By blocking the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, SSI-4 effectively reduces oleic and palmitoleic acid production. It promotes lipid peroxidation, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activates apoptotic pathways. Additionally, SSI-4 inhibits mTORC1 activity, suppresses B cell proliferation and antibody production, and induces autophagy. This compound is valuable for studies related to cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma, as well as influenza infections. -
Influenza Virus Inhibitor
Dehydroandrographolide succinate acts as a potent inhibitor of the influenza virus. Extracted from the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata, it exhibits immunostimulatory, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it valuable for research into viral pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections. Additionally, it demonstrates antithrombotic effects by significantly reducing platelet aggregation, as evidenced by a calculated ED50 of 386.9 mg/kg. The compound also mitigates muscle atrophy through the Akt/GSK3β and MuRF-1 signaling pathways. -
Anthocyanin Compound
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside chloride is an anthocyanin compound noted for its ability to inhibit nitric oxide and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. It demonstrates significant antiviral properties, specifically inhibiting influenza neuraminidase with an IC50 of 72 μM and serves as a potent H274Y mutation inhibitor. Additionally, this compound exhibits antioxidant and anti-angiogenic activities, making it suitable for various biological and pharmaceutical research applications. -
NA Inhibitor
Urolithin M5 is an orally active inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, exhibiting IC50 values of approximately 174.8 μM to 257.1 μM. It effectively suppresses influenza virus replication, including strains resistant to oseltamivir, while demonstrating neuroprotective properties by reducing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Urolithin M5 also promotes neurite outgrowth and protects against lung edema in infected mammals. Additionally, it interacts with key signaling proteins such as IGF1R, MAPK14, AKT1, NFKB1, and EGFR, making it a valuable reagent for research into influenza and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. -
IL-6 Inhibitor
Koaburaside is an IL-6 inhibitor known for its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This natural compound exhibits significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 9.0 μM in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Additionally, Koaburaside effectively reduces histamine release and downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in human mast cells. It also demonstrates inhibitory effects on influenza A neuraminidase, highlighting its potential applications in inflammatory and viral research. -
Antimicrobial Agent
Streptothricin E is a potent antimicrobial agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties. It exhibits effective inhibitory activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, making it valuable in microbiological research and therapeutic applications. Additionally, Streptothricin E has been shown to inhibit the PR-8 strain of influenza virus in tissue culture, highlighting its potential utility in virology studies. -
Fungal
Aureonitol is a fungal metabolite that targets the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin of the influenza virus, effectively exhibiting anti-influenza activity. This compound demonstrates potential for therapeutic applications in the development of antiviral agents, making it valuable for research in virology and infectious disease studies. Its mechanism of action suggests further investigation into its use for combating influenza virus infections. -
Antimicrobial Agent
Biclotymol is an antimicrobial agent primarily targeting gram-positive cocci. It effectively inhibits the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, displaying a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 150 μM. Additionally, Biclotymol demonstrates anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it relevant for research applications in otolaryngological infections and throat pain management. -
Metabolite
9-Methylstreptimidone is a microbial metabolite primarily derived from Streptomyces sp. S-885, exhibiting notable antifungal and antiviral properties. It demonstrates activity against various fungal species, including S. sake, S. fragilis, R. rubra, T. rubra, and C. albidus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 4 to 20 μg/mL. Additionally, 9-Methylstreptimidone has effective antiviral activity against poliovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in vitro (MIC=0.02 μg/mL for all). In vivo studies indicate that this compound enhances survival in mouse models challenged with influenza A2 (H2N2) and C. albicans when administered prior to infection. -
Clarithromycin Metabolite
14-Hydroxyclarithromycin, a significant metabolite of Clarithromycin, demonstrates oral bioactivity. This compound enhances the antimicrobial effectiveness of Clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae in both in vitro and in vivo settings. It serves as a valuable tool in infection research, contributing to a deeper understanding of antibiotic modulation and efficacy. -
Cephalosporin Prodrug
Cefcanel daloxate is a cephalosporin prodrug that exhibits antibacterial activity primarily against Gram-positive bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae. As an orally active compound, it has potential applications in research related to uremia, helping to elucidate mechanisms of infection and treatment strategies in affected patients. -
LAL Inhibitor
Lalistat 1 is a selective and competitive inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), demonstrating an IC50 of 68 nM against purified human LAL. It also inhibits immunoglobulin A1 protease (IgA1P) from Haemophilus influenzae while exhibiting minimal effects on other serine hydrolases such as trypsin and β-lactamase. This compound is valuable for investigating Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease and related metabolic disorders. -
SCD Inhibitor
Elemicin is a potent inhibitor of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1), acting through metabolic activation. This compound exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-influenza, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. Its mechanism and diverse applications make Elemicin a valuable reagent for research in metabolic studies and infectious disease treatment. Caution is advised, as Elemicin and its reactive metabolite, 1′-Hydroxyelemicin, may induce hepatotoxicity. -
Antimicrobial Compound
Ro 25-0534 is an antimicrobial compound primarily targeting various bacterial pathogens. It exhibits significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas and is effective against a range of Enterobacteriaceae (MIC90: 0.06-2 μg/mL), Oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, and penicillin-susceptible pneumococci (MIC90: 1-2 μg/mL). Additionally, Ro 25-0534 shows potency against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90: 0.25-0.5 μg/mL), Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC90: 0.5 μg/mL), and most nonenteric Gram-negative bacilli (MIC90: 2-4 μg/mL), making it a valuable tool for microbiological research and infection studies. -
Precursor Form
Oseltamivir acid methyl ester hydrochloride is a precursor to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir acid, which exhibits antiviral activity against influenza viruses. Upon administration, it is metabolized by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to yield oseltamivir acid, facilitating its therapeutic effects. This reagent is primarily utilized in research applications focused on antiviral drug development and metabolic studies involving oseltamivir. -
Cephalosporin
LY164846 is an orally active cephalosporin antibiotic that primarily targets Haemophilus influenzae, exhibiting high sensitivity to both typical and ampicillin-resistant strains, with an MIC90 ≤ 4 μg/mL. The compound also demonstrates significant activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species (excluding Enterococcus), with MIC90 values ranging from 0.25 to 8 μg/mL, and shows moderate sensitivity towards anaerobic bacteria. Its bactericidal properties are indicated by an MBC/MIC ratio of ≤ 2 against Haemophilus influenzae. LY164846 is valuable for investigating respiratory and skin infections in biomedical research. -
Fluorescent Substrate
4-MUNANA is a highly selective fluorescent substrate for influenza virus neuraminidase (NA), undergoing an irreversible enzymatic reaction that releases fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). The fluorescence intensity of 4-MU provides a quantitative measure of NA activity, making 4-MUNANA a valuable tool in influenza research. Applications include screening for neuraminidase inhibitors, creating new anti-influenza therapies, and investigating the infection mechanisms of influenza viruses. -
Fluorescence probe
BTP9-Neu5Ac is a fluorescence probe that targets neuraminidase (NA) sialidase activity in influenza viruses. It enables the visualization of intracellular Golgi localization of viral NA activity, providing insights into the enzyme's function within the viral life cycle. BTP9-Neu5Ac is essential for precise and temporal monitoring of key enzymatic activities, facilitating the study of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention strategies. -
Antimicrobial Agent
Meropenem sodium is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic known for its potent antibacterial activity. It exhibits efficacy against susceptible and resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC of 0.02-0.06 mg/mL), Haemophilus influenzae (MIC of 0.03-0.12 mg/mL), and Haemophilus ducreyi (MIC of 0.015-0.12 mg/mL). This compound is crucial for research focused on bacterial resistance and the development of antimicrobial therapies. -
Cephalosporin
CGP 31523A is a broad-spectrum aminothiazole cephalosporin that targets several Gram-negative bacteria. It demonstrates potent antibacterial activity against Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus (excluding Enterococcus faecalis). While CGP 31523A is susceptible to the hydrolytic action of Escherichia coli type Ic β-lactamase, it remains stable against type Ia β-lactamase. This compound is utilized in research focusing on infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including those caused by multi-drug resistant strains. -
Stable Isotope
Rifampicin-d3 is a deuterated derivative of Rifampicin, a potent broad-spectrum antibiotic primarily targeting bacterial infections. It exhibits antimicrobial activity and has been shown to possess anti-influenza virus properties. This stable isotope is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies, mechanism of action investigations, and metabolic research in the field of infectious diseases. -
Antiviral Agent
3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative that acts as an antiviral agent, demonstrating significant activity against a wide range of influenza A viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in vitro. It has been shown to reduce lung virus titers and mitigate lung lesions in vivo, making it a valuable compound for studying antiviral mechanisms. Additionally, 3-Indoleacetonitrile enhances mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels, indicating its role in reinforcing antiviral responses. This compound is suitable for research focused on viral infections, including influenza and COVID-19. -
Antiviral Agent
Antiviral Agent 58 (Compound J1) is an orally active compound that exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses. It targets a variety of viral pathogens, including influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). This agent is of significant interest for research applications focusing on the treatment of viral infections. -
Endonuclease Inhibitor
AV5116 is a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor that specifically targets the active site of the cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) within the N-terminal domain of polymerase acidic. This compound demonstrates potent inhibitory activity against various influenza viruses, including types A, B, and C. AV5116 is valuable for research investigating influenza virus infections and the mechanisms of antiviral action. -
Influenza Virus Inhibitor
β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic polysaccharide that targets influenza virus inhibition, specifically effective against the H1N1 strain. Its primary mechanism involves enhancing the solubility of various compounds, making it a valuable tool in virology research. Additionally, β-Cyclodextrin demonstrates significant antiviral activity, providing potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of influenza. -
Neuraminidase Inhibitor
2,3-Dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid is a potent inhibitor of neuraminidase enzymes, functioning primarily through competitive inhibition. This compound demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on human neuraminidase isoforms NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, and NEU4, with IC50 values of 143, 43, 61, and 74 μM, respectively. Its inhibitory activity positions it as a valuable tool for researching anti-influenza virus mechanisms and for studying sialidase-related biological processes. -
Influenza Viru Inhibitor
Desaminotyrosine is an influenza virus inhibitor that enhances type I interferon signaling. This microbial metabolite plays a crucial role in the immune response against influenza, offering protective effects by promoting antiviral activity. Its mechanism of action makes it valuable for research into antiviral therapies and immune modulation strategies. -
Influenza Viru Inhibitor
L-Norleucine, a derivative of leucine, primarily functions as an antiviral agent by inhibiting protein synthesis, particularly in the context of influenza virus infections. Its activity interferes with viral replication, making it a valuable reagent for research applications focused on viral biology and therapeutic interventions against influenza. L-Norleucine can be utilized in studies exploring mechanisms of protein synthesis modulation and the development of antiviral strategies. -
Non-ionic Detergent
Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E8) functions as a non-ionic detergent, primarily utilized for solubilizing membrane proteins. This compound effectively disrupts lipid bilayers, making it a valuable tool for extracting membrane proteins and studying their structure and function. Additionally, C12E8 demonstrates the ability to solubilize the viral membrane of intact influenza virus, facilitating research in virology and membrane biochemistry. -
MTr1 Inhibitor
Trifluoromethyl-tubercidin (TFMT) is an inhibitor of the enzyme 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase 1 (MTr1). This compound effectively disrupts the cap-snatching mechanism utilized by influenza A and B viruses, thereby inhibiting viral replication. TFMT demonstrates notable antiviral activity with minimal toxicity, making it a valuable reagent for studies in virology and antiviral research. -
Influenza Virus Inhibitor
Epigoitrin is a natural alkaloid that exhibits antiviral activity against influenza viruses by inhibiting attachment and replication of the influenza A1 virus FM1 in vitro. This compound enhances the host's resistance to influenza infection, particularly under stress conditions. Additionally, Epigoitrin demonstrates lipid-lowering effects, making it a potential candidate for research in infectious diseases and metabolic health. -
Influenza Viru
Influenza A NP(366-374) Strain A/PR/8/35 is a peptide derived from the nucleoprotein of Influenza A virus, specifically restricted by the H2-Db major histocompatibility complex. This epitope plays a crucial role in immune response studies and can be utilized in vaccine development and T cell activity assays. It aids in understanding the immune recognition of influenza virus and contributes to research focused on viral pathogenesis and host immunity. -
Influenza Virus Inhibitor
2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine is a nucleoside analog that serves as a potent inhibitor of influenza viruses, exhibiting an effective concentration (EC90) of less than 0.35 μM against both influenza A and B strains. This compound disrupts the replication process of the influenza virus in the upper respiratory tract, resulting in reduced fever and alleviated nasal inflammation. Its antiviral properties make it a valuable tool for research on influenza virus pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention strategies. -
Influenza Virus Inhibitor
Rupestonic acid is a sesquiterpene that acts as an inhibitor of the influenza virus. This compound demonstrates significant antiviral activity, making it a valuable tool for research focused on influenza virus pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Its ability to disrupt viral replication holds potential for the development of novel antiviral strategies. -
Kinase Inhibitor
3-Deoxysappanchalcone is a potent kinase inhibitor that selectively targets MET, EGFR, AKT, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, thrombin, FXa, and influenza virus neuraminidase, modulating key signaling pathways. This compound is known to induce cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis, demonstrating significant biological activities. Its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic properties make it valuable for research in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thrombosis, and influenza virus infections. -
Anti-influenza Drug
Clemastanin B is a lignan with potent anti-influenza activity, primarily through inhibition of viral multiplication, prophylaxis, and blockade of virus attachment. It targets key processes in the viral lifecycle, including endocytosis, uncoating, and the export of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) from the nucleus. Additionally, Clemastanin B exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable compound for research into viral infections and inflammatory responses.

