Immunology & Inflammation

Quavonlimab (MK-1308) represents a novel monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4). This therapeutic agent is designed to modulate immune responses by inhibiting CTLA-4, a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating immune checkpoints. Quavonlimab is primarily utilized in research focusing on immune-oncology and the potential enhancement of anti-tumor immunity.

Tuvonralimab (PSB-205; QL1706) is a dual-action immunotherapy agent comprising a combination of Iparomlimab, an anti-PD-1 IgG4 antibody, and Tuvonralimab, an anti-CTLA-4 IgG1 antibody. This formulation is designed to synergistically inhibit both the PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints, enhancing antitumor immune responses. Tuvonralimab is utilized primarily in research focused on cancer immunotherapy, aiming to study and potentially enhance the efficacy of checkpoint blockade strategies.

Ieramilimab (LAG525; IMP701) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody designed to target and bind to lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). This interaction effectively inhibits the binding of LAG-3 to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules, which is critical in modulating immune response. Ieramilimab is utilized extensively in research focused on immune checkpoint regulation and potential therapeutic interventions for various immunological disorders.

Tebotelimab (MGD-013) is a humanized IgG4κ bispecific antibody designed for dual affinity re-targeting (DART) of PD-1 and LAG-3. This therapeutic agent demonstrates high affinity binding to cell-surface expressed PD-1 and LAG-3, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 1.65 nM and 0.41 nM in NS0 cells, respectively. By effectively blocking the interactions between PD-1/PD-L1, PD-1/PD-L2, and LAG-3/HLA (MHC-II), as well as inhibiting PD-1 signaling pathways, Tebotelimab plays a crucial role in restoring the function of exhausted T-cells. This restoration is pivotal in enhancing anti-tumor immunity, making Tebotelimab a significant tool in cancer immunotherapy research.

Gotistobart (ONC-392) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4, designed to enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy through the selective depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment. This antibody facilitates a targeted approach to modulate the immune system, potentially improving treatment outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.

Porustobart is a monoclonal antibody specifically targeting CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4). This antibody is designed for use in research studies to investigate the modulation of immune checkpoints, which are crucial for understanding immune system behavior in cancer and other diseases. Porustobart can be utilized in various experimental settings, including flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation, making it a valuable tool for researchers focusing on immunology and oncology.

Anti-CTLA-4/CD152 Antibody (BN13) is a chimeric mouse IgG2a, κ antibody designed to target human CTLA-4/CD152. For isotype control, it is recommended to use Mouse IgG2a kappa, Isotype Control, ensuring specificity and consistency in antibody performance.

Bavunalimab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4 and LAG-3, designed for the dual inhibition of these immune checkpoint inhibitors. This humanized antibody promotes T-cell activation, demonstrated in NSG mouse models, making it a valuable tool for investigating immune responses in oncology research. Bavunalimab is specifically developed for studies focusing on the modulation of immune checkpoints in cancer therapy.

Zalifrelimab (AGEN1884) is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody designed to specifically target and inhibit CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4). By antagonizing the inhibitory checkpoints mediated by CTLA-4 signaling, Zalifrelimab enhances immune cell activation, potentially amplifying antitumor immune responses. This antibody is utilized in research focused on immunotherapy and the modulation of immune checkpoints in oncology.

Nurulimab (BCD-145) is a human monoclonal antibody that targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). This antibody is specifically designed for use in melanoma research, where it can help investigate the role of CTLA-4 in tumor immunity and potential therapeutic interventions.

Tremelimumab (Ticilimumab) is a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and can be used for metastatic melanoma research.

Encelimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting LAG-3 (Lymphocyte-activation gene 3). By inhibiting the interaction between LAG-3 and MHC class II molecules, Encelimab promotes T-cell activation and enhances immune responses. Studies have demonstrated that Encelimab, both as a monotherapy and in conjunction with an anti-PD-1 antibody, effectively reduces tumor volume in a lymphoma mouse model using A20 cell xenografts. This antibody is pivotal for research focused on immunotherapy and cancer immunology, particularly in understanding and manipulating T-cell responses in oncological models.

The Anti-CTLA-4/CD152 Antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, specifically targeting CTLA-4 (CD152). This antibody comprises a human IgG4SP heavy chain and a human kappa light chain, with an approximate molecular weight of 145 kDa. For experimental controls, the recommended isotype control is Human IgG1 kappa. This antibody is essential for research focusing on immune checkpoint regulation and cancer immunotherapy.

Firastotug is an IgG1κ monoclonal antibody specifically designed to target CTLA-4, a critical immune checkpoint protein associated with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CTLA-4 plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses, making it a significant target in the study of autoimmunity and oncology. This antibody is instrumental for researchers focusing on the modulation of immune checkpoints to understand disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies.

Cadonilimab (AK104) is a humanized tetravalent IgG1 bispecific antibody designed to simultaneously target PD-1 and CTLA-4. By inhibiting these checkpoint pathways, Cadonilimab effectively alleviates immunosuppression and reverses T cell exhaustion specific to tumor environments. This antibody notably reduces Fc-mediated effector functions, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Cadonilimab is applicable in research focused on metastatic cervical cancer and other malignancies, including gastric cancer, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), providing a valuable tool for investigations into immune checkpoint blockade and cancer immunotherapy.

Favezelimab (MK-4280) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting LAG-3, designed to inhibit the binding of LAG-3 to MHC class II molecules. This interaction blockade enhances T-cell function and may potentiate an anti-tumor immune response. Favezelimab is primarily investigated for its therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer research, particularly in combination with the PD-L1 inhibitor Pembrolizumab, to synergistically enhance immune-mediated tumor suppression.

Evalstotug is a human IgG1 κ monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4). For accurate experimental control, it is recommended to use Human IgG1 kappa isotype control.

Lorigerlimab (MGD019) is a bispecific IgG4 dual-affinity re-targeting antibody (DART) designed to simultaneously inhibit the activity of PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints. By blocking these pathways, Lorigerlimab enhances T-cell mediated immune responses, which are critical in the control and elimination of tumors. This antibody is particularly relevant for studies focused on metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), providing a valuable tool for research in immune checkpoint blockade therapies and their role in cancer immunology.

Fianlimab (REGN3767) is a human monoclonal antibody designed to specifically bind to the lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) immune checkpoint receptor expressed on T cells. This interaction inhibits the LAG-3 pathway, thereby enhancing T cell function and exhibiting potent anti-tumor activity. Fianlimab is utilized in oncological research to investigate immune checkpoint blockade as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

Tuparstobart (Incagn-02385) is an IgG1κ monoclonal antibody designed to specifically target LAG-3, an immune checkpoint receptor. LAG-3 is predominantly expressed on activated T cells, NK cells, B cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This antibody is engineered to bind to LAG-3, thereby modulating immune responses, which may be critical in the research of immune regulation and potential therapeutic applications in immune-related disorders.

Relatlimab (BMS-986016) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting LAG-3, developed through the immunization of transgenic mice engineered to express human immunoglobulin miniloci, using recombinant LAG-3 protein. This antibody effectively inhibits the interaction between LAG-3 and MHC II with an IC50 of 0.67 nM, and between LAG-3 and FGL1 with an IC50 of 0.019 nM. It is primarily utilized in cancer research, providing a valuable tool for investigating the role of LAG-3 in tumor immune evasion and potential therapeutic interventions.

Erfonrilimab (KN-046) is a bifunctional monoclonal antibody designed to simultaneously inhibit both PD-L1 and CTLA-4, two critical immune checkpoint proteins. This dual inhibition mechanism enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells, making it a promising therapeutic agent in oncology research. Erfonrilimab is specifically engineered for use in investigating the efficacy of combined checkpoint blockade in various cancer models.

Miptenalimab (BI-754111) is a monoclonal antibody targeting human LAG-3 with a dissociation constant (K_D) of 88.6 nM. This antibody effectively inhibits the interaction between LAG-3 and its physiological ligand MHC class II, highlighting its potential utility in modulating immune responses in oncological and immunological research.

Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody of the IgG1κ isotype designed to inhibit the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptor on T cells. This antibody is utilized in research focused on unresectable or metastatic melanoma (MM), serving as a critical tool in investigating the modulation of immune checkpoints in cancer therapy.

Negalstobart is a human IgG4 κ monoclonal antibody targeting LAG-3. For control experiments, it is recommended to use Human IgG4 (S228P) kappa as an isotype control.

Muzastotug is a humanized immunoglobulin G1-kappa monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4). It functions as both an immunostimulant and an antineoplastic agent. This antibody is designed to enhance the immune system's response against tumor cells by inhibiting CTLA-4, a protein that downregulates the immune response.

Vilastobart is a human IgG1 κ monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA-4. For accurate experimental control, it is recommended to use Human IgG1 kappa as an isotype control.

Sovipostobart is a human monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G1-kappa class, specifically targeting CTLA-4 with a cleavable prodomain. It functions as both an immunostimulant and an antineoplastic agent. This biologic is designed to modulate the immune system by inhibiting CTLA-4, a protein that downregulates immune responses, thereby enhancing the body's antitumor activity. Sovipostobart is applicable in the study of immune checkpoint blockade therapies and is relevant for research focused on cancer immunotherapy.

Botensilimab (AGEN 1181) is a human monoclonal antibody that targets cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), serving as both an innate and adaptive immune activator. This biologic is specifically designed for use in cancer research, where it facilitates the study of immune checkpoint blockade and its effects on tumor immunity.

Solasonine is a naturally occurring steroidal glycoalkaloid isolated from *Solanum melongena* (eggplant), known for its anti-infective, anticancer, and neurogenesis-promoting properties. It acts as a ferroptosis inducer by disrupting the glutathione redox system through inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). By promoting ferroptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, Solasonine serves as a valuable compound for investigating ferroptosis mechanisms and developing novel anticancer strategies.

RMC-5127 is an orally active, brain-penetrant, mutant-selective tri-complex inhibitor targeting RASG12V. It non-covalently binds to cyclophilin A (CypA), forming a binary complex that engages active RASG12V to create a high-affinity tri-complex, thereby sterically blocking RAS-effector interactions. RMC-5127 inhibits RAS signaling in KRASG12V-mutant cancer cells, suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. It holds promise for the study of RAS-mutant cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer.

Isofraxidin is a coumarin compound derived from *Acanthopanax senticosus* that exhibits anti-invasive and anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits MMP-7 expression and suppresses cell invasion in human hepatoma cells by reducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Isofraxidin also downregulates the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and inhibits the formation of the TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex.

JPE-1375 is a complement C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) antagonist that effectively inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte mobilization with an EC₅₀ of 6.9 µM and reduces TNF levels with an EC₅₀ of 4.5 µM in mice. It is suitable for research in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

EG01377 dihydrochloride is a potent, bioavailable, and selective inhibitor of neuropilin-1 (NRP1), with a Kd of 1.32 μM and IC₅₀ values of 609 nM for both NRP1-a1 and NRP1-b1 domains. It exhibits antiangiogenic, antimigratory, and antitumor activities.

Perforin-IN-2 (Compound 1) is a perforin inhibitor that blocks perforin-mediated cell lysis. It has potential to reduce graft rejection in the context of allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.

Lipoteichoic acid is an orally active compound with anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. It is a key immune molecule found in Gram-positive bacteria that activates the complement system by upregulating C3 and inhibiting CD55. Lipoteichoic acid modulates macrophage autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, induces lung injury in mouse models, and inhibits melanin production.

Vemircopan (ALXN2050) is an orally active inhibitor of complement factor D (FD). It is being investigated for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases, including myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

W-54011 is a potent, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of the C5a receptor. It inhibits the binding of \[¹²⁵I]-labeled C5a to human neutrophils with a Kᵢ of 2.2 nM. W-54011 also suppresses C5a-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human neutrophils, with IC₅₀ values of 3.1 nM, 2.7 nM, and 1.6 nM, respectively.

C3a Receptor Agonist 1 (a benzeneacetamide derivative) is a potent agonist of the C3a receptor. It holds potential for research in acute inflammation and complement system–mediated responses.

Cemdisiran is an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to suppress hepatic production of complement component 5 (C5). It is used in research focused on complement-mediated diseases.

BM213 is a potent and selective agonist of C5aR1 that demonstrates antitumor activity in a mouse model of mammary carcinoma.

NDT 9513727 is a potent, selective, orally active, and competitive inverse agonist of the human C5a receptor (C5aR), with an IC₅₀ of 11.6 nM. It is suitable for research in human inflammatory diseases.

Pelecopan (BCX9930) is a potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of complement factor D, with an IC₅₀ value of 14.3 nM. It targets factor D to prevent both intravascular and extravascular hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and is also applicable to other diseases mediated by the alternative complement pathway.

BR103 is a C3a receptor (C3aR)-specific small molecule ligand. It is useful for measuring ligand affinity to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) through saturation and competitive binding assays.

LyP-1 is a cyclic 9-amino-acid tumor-homing peptide that selectively binds to p32 receptors, which are overexpressed on various tumor-associated cells.

Zoracopan is a selective inhibitor of complement factor D (CFD). Upon systemic administration (oral or intravenous), it preferentially accumulates in ocular tissues and is released in a sustained manner, primarily targeting the choroid–retinal pigment epithelium (C-RPE) and/or iridociliary body (I-CB).

CP-447697 is a lipophilic C5a receptor antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 31 nM. It is suitable for research related to inflammation and complement system modulation.

Campneoside II is a natural compound isolated from the wood of *Paulownia tomentosa* var. *tomentosa*. It exhibits potent anti-complement activity.

PIC1 PA is a 15-amino-acid peptide and a potent analog of PIC1 that inhibits classical pathway–mediated complement activation. It functions by disrupting the interaction between C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s/MASPs and the collagen-like region (CLR) of C1q or MBL. PIC1 PA specifically binds to the CLR of C1q, with a mean equilibrium dissociation constant (K\_D) of 33.3 nM for purified C1q.

tLyP-1 peptide is a neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) targeting peptide with an IC₅₀ of 4 μM and the amino acid sequence CGNKRTR. It specifically binds to NRP-1, enabling selective targeting of tumor cells.