Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Primidone-d5 is a deuterium-labeled analog of Primidone, primarily known for its inhibitory action on the transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) channel, with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. This reagent also inhibits receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase and voltage-gated sodium channels, while acting as an antagonist at the GABA receptor. Primidone-d5 is valuable for research in pain management and seizure disorders, enabling studies focused on its analgesic and anticonvulsant properties.

Cystamine-d8 dihydrochloride is a deuterated form of Cystamine (dihydrochloride), serving as a stable isotope for precise experimental applications. It functions as an inhibitor of transglutaminase (Tgase) and demonstrates inhibition of caspase-3 with an IC50 value of 23.6 μM. This reagent is particularly valuable in research related to neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, facilitating studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions.

Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4-1 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Tauroursodeoxycholate, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. This compound has been shown to significantly decrease the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12, thereby contributing to cell survival under stress conditions. Additionally, Tauroursodeoxycholate inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), making it a valuable tool for research applications focused on ER stress and cell signaling pathways.

Fenbufen-d9 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Fenbufen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exhibiting potent antipyretic effects. It targets cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, demonstrating inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 3.9 μM and 8.1 μM, respectively. Fenbufen has shown significant efficacy in various preclinical animal models, including carrageenan-induced edema, UV erythema, and adjuvant arthritis. Additionally, it inhibits multiple caspases (caspase-1, 3, 4, 5, 9), making it a valuable tool for research in inflammation and apoptosis.

Lacidipine-13C8 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Lacidipine, a highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that primarily targets smooth muscle cells. This compound is known for its ability to dilate peripheral arteries, thereby reducing peripheral resistance and providing sustained antihypertensive effects. Lacidipine has also demonstrated protective effects on human kidney cells by modulating the caspase-3 pathway in response to ATP depletion. It is applicable in research related to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and acute kidney injury (AKI).

PAC-1-d8 is a deuterium-labeled form of Procaspase Activating Compound 1, specifically designed as a stable isotope. This compound activates procaspase-3, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells, with an EC50 value of 2.08 μM. PAC-1-d8 is primarily used in research applications aimed at studying apoptotic pathways and evaluating therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.

2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N1 is a stable isotope-labeled variant of 2'-Deoxyadenosine, primarily utilized in metabolic labeling studies. It exerts a biological effect by inhibiting glucose-stimulated insulin release and impeding cAMP accumulation in pancreatic islets. Additionally, 2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N1 activates caspase-3, promoting apoptosis, and inhibits the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). Its cell growth inhibition properties suggest potential applications in cancer research, particularly in studying its effects on colon cancer cell lines.

Necrosulfonamide-d4 is a deuterium-labeled variant of Necrosulfonamide, a potent inhibitor of MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD). This compound specifically targets the downstream oligomerization step of necroptosis and pyroptosis without affecting upstream signaling pathways. By attenuating the expression of pivotal kinases such as NLRP3 and caspase-1, Necrosulfonamide-d4 modulates inflammatory responses and activates the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. This reagent is valuable for research applications involving neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, tissue damage, and programmed necrosis pathways.

Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4 is a deuterated form of Tauroursodeoxycholate, serving as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. This compound effectively reduces the expression of apoptosis-related molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12, thereby influencing cell survival pathways. Additionally, Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4 inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, making it valuable for research into cellular stress responses and related therapeutic applications.

Tauroursodeoxycholate-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Tauroursodeoxycholate, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. This compound effectively reduces the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including caspase-3 and caspase-12, while also inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Tauroursodeoxycholate-d5 is valuable for tracing biological processes in studies related to ER stress and cellular apoptosis.

2'-Deoxyadenosine-13C10,15N5 is a stable isotope-labeled form of 2'-Deoxyadenosine that features 13C and 15N isotopes. This nucleoside is known to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release and attenuates increases in cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in islet cells. Additionally, 2'-Deoxyadenosine activates caspase-3, promoting apoptosis, and inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) activity. This compound also exhibits growth inhibitory effects on various cell types and demonstrates anticancer activity against colon cancer, making it a valuable tool for biochemical and pharmaceutical research.

Terfenadine-d3 is the deuterated form of Terfenadine, which primarily targets the hERG potassium channel as a potent open-channel blocker with an IC50 of 204 nM. As an H1 histamine receptor antagonist, Terfenadine-d3 demonstrates significant biological activity by inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells through the modulation of calcium homeostasis. Its mechanism includes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent activation of caspases -4, -2, and -9, making it valuable for research in cancer biology and apoptosis pathways.

Fenobucarb-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Fenobucarb, a carbamate insecticide known to induce neurotoxicity in zebrafish models. This compound operates through mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic degeneration. Research applications include studying the toxicological effects of insecticides on developmental processes and evaluating potential risks to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in animal models.

2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-5′-13C is a stable isotope-labeled form of 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate, primarily targeting cellular metabolism and signaling pathways. This compound inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release by blocking the increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in pancreatic islets and activating caspase-3, thereby promoting apoptosis. Additionally, it inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) activity and demonstrates growth-inhibitory effects on various cell types, exhibiting potential anticancer properties, particularly against colon cancer. These characteristics make it a valuable tool for studies in metabolic regulation and cancer research.

2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-13C10,15N5 hydrate is a stable isotope-labeled variant of 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate, incorporating both carbon-13 and nitrogen-15. This nucleoside is known to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release by affecting islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Additionally, it activates caspase-3, promoting apoptosis, and demonstrates inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). Research applications include studying cellular growth inhibition and evaluating anticancer effects, particularly in colon cancer models.

Aspirin-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) that serves as a stable isotope for research applications. This compound acts as a potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin-d3 is utilized to investigate its apoptotic effects and to study the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Additionally, it plays a role in exploring the inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthetase, contributing to research on coronary artery and cerebrovascular thrombosis.

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Acetyl-L-carnitine that targets mitochondrial energy metabolism. It acts as a neuroprotective agent capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, enhancing energy metabolism, and reducing oxidative stress. This compound is utilized in research related to neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and conditions like Alzheimer's disease and depression, contributing to studies on synaptic plasticity and neuronal protection. Its properties make it a valuable tool for investigating the biochemical pathways associated with cellular energy regulation and neuroprotection.

2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-1′-13C is a stable isotope-labeled version of 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate that primarily targets nucleotide metabolism. This compound exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting glucose-stimulated insulin release and decreasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in pancreatic islets. Additionally, it activates caspase-3, promoting apoptotic processes, and inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), thereby impacting cell growth. Its potential anticancer properties have been observed in colon cancer research, making it a valuable tool for investigations into nucleotide signaling and cancer biology.

Moroxydine hydrochloride-d8 is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of Moroxydine, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent targeting both DNA and RNA viruses. It demonstrates potent antiviral activity against various pathogens, including influenza, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and hepatitis C virus, while maintaining low cytotoxicity in infected cells. Research has shown that Moroxydine hydrochloride inhibits cytopathic effects induced by dsRNA and large DNA viruses, effectively preserving the morphological integrity of affected cells and significantly reducing apoptosis markers and pro-apoptotic factors. This compound is valuable for studies investigating antiviral mechanisms and drug efficacy in viral infections.

Hydroquinone-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Hydroquinone, primarily used as a stable isotope for research applications. Hydroquinone is a known antioxidant with significant biological activity, implicated in enhancing carcinogenic risk through DNA damage generation. It promotes tumor cell proliferation while suppressing the immune response and induces apoptosis in leukocytes via the mitochondrial pathway (Caspase 9/3). Additionally, hydroquinone exhibits increased toxicity to aquatic organisms, presenting a complex profile in environmental studies.

Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4 sodium is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), serving as a stable isotope for research purposes. Primarily functioning as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, Tauroursodeoxycholate demonstrates the ability to significantly reduce the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3 and caspase-12, thereby mitigating ER stress-related apoptosis. Additionally, it has been shown to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity, making it valuable for studies investigating cellular stress responses and related pathways.

Tryptophol-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Tryptophol, functioning primarily as a stable isotope for research applications. This compound exhibits significant biological activities, including the induction of apoptosis through caspase-8 cleavage, inhibition of Cunninghamella blakesleeana biofilm formation, and modulation of immune responses. Its diverse applications extend to the investigation of sleep disorders, epilepsy, and African trypanosomiasis, providing valuable insights into these areas of study.

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3-1 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride, functioning as a stable isotope. This compound serves as a mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier. It selectively enters cells via the organic cation transporter OCTN2 and participates in fatty acid β-oxidation, promotes acetylcholine synthesis, and regulates mitochondrial function while mitigating oxidative stress. Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3-1 hydrochloride is primarily utilized in research on neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

Aspirin-d4 is a deuterium-labeled form of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid), functioning as a stable isotope for various biochemical applications. It acts as a potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, demonstrating IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin-d4 triggers apoptosis and inhibits NF-κB activation, while also affecting platelet function through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase. This reagent is suitable for studies involving inflammation, cardiovascular research, and cellular signaling pathways.

rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion-d9 hydrochloride is a deuterated form of rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion hydrochloride, a metabolite of the widely known antidepressant bupropion. This compound is a stable isotope that facilitates studies on cytokine modulation, specifically promoting endogenous IL-10 production while inhibiting Th1 cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α. Additionally, rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion influences immune response dynamics, shifting from a Th1 to Th2 response. It is valuable for research focused on inflammatory conditions and immunological response pathways.

rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion-d9 is a deuterium-labeled analog of rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion, a key metabolite of the antidepressant bupropion. This compound functions by promoting endogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) production while inhibiting Th1 cytokines, such as IL-12 and TNF-α, facilitating a shift in immune responses from Th1 to Th2. rel-(1S,2R)-Dihydro bupropion-d9 is valuable for research into inflammatory conditions and immune modulation.

Nortriptyline-d3 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of the tricyclic antidepressant Nortriptyline hydrochloride, the principal active metabolite of Amitriptyline. This stable isotope is utilized in pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic research to investigate the pharmacological properties and behavior of Nortriptyline in biological systems. Its application aids in understanding drug metabolism and enhancing the development of therapeutic strategies for depression management.

Thioridazine-d3 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Thioridazine, an antagonist of dopamine receptor D2 family proteins. It demonstrates significant anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety effects while also inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, contributing to anti-angiogenic activity. Additionally, Thioridazine exhibits antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis in various cancer cell types, with particular efficacy against cancer stem cells (CSCs). This stable isotope is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies and elucidating mechanisms of action in related research applications.

Galanthamine-d6 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Galanthamine, a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 500 nM. This stable isotope compound is valuable in pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic research, particularly in exploring the mechanisms of cholinergic modulation. Its isotopic labeling helps in the precise tracking of metabolite pathways in biological assays.

Ibuprofen-d3 sodium is a deuterated form of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen that selectively inhibits COX-1 with an IC50 value of 13 μM. It demonstrates key biological activities including the inhibition of cell proliferation, suppression of angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. This stable isotope is suitable for research applications in pain management, inflammation, immunology, and cancer studies, providing a valuable tool for pharmacokinetic and metabolic investigations.

Carfilzomib-d8 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Carfilzomib, an irreversible proteasome inhibitor that exhibits potent activity with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cell lines. This stable isotope can be utilized in pharmacokinetic studies and for tracking drug metabolism and distribution in biological systems. Carfilzomib-d8 serves as a valuable tool for researchers investigating proteasome inhibition and its therapeutic implications in cancer research.

Metronidazole-13C2,15N2 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Metronidazole, featuring both 13C and 15N isotopes. This nitroimidazole antibiotic is primarily effective against anaerobic bacterial infections and certain protozoal diseases. The isotopic labeling enables precise quantification and tracking in metabolic studies, facilitating research in pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, and microbial ecology.

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled form of 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, a known metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides. This compound is utilized in research to investigate its immunotoxic effects and oxidative stress induction. Additionally, it has been shown to inhibit the phagocytic ability of macrophages, making it relevant for studies on immune response and toxicology.

Edaravone-d5 is a deuterated form of Edaravone, a potent free radical scavenger known for its neuroprotective properties. It effectively inhibits MMP-9-related brain hemorrhage in animal models treated with tissue plasminogen activator. This stable isotope labeled compound is valuable for research applications involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disease studies.

Isoallolithocholic acid-d2 is a deuterated stable isotope of Isoallolithocholic acid, which functions as a T cell regulator. It has been shown to enhance the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), making it a valuable tool for research in immunology and T cell biology. This reagent is suitable for studies involving T cell modulation and the exploration of immune responses.

Diclofenac-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Diclofenac, a potent nonselective anti-inflammatory agent that primarily functions as a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It exhibits low nanomolar IC50 values of 4 nM and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. In addition to its inhibitory effects, Diclofenac promotes apoptosis in neural stem cells by activating the caspase signaling cascade. This reagent is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic research involving COX pathways and cellular apoptosis mechanisms.

5'-Methylthioadenosine-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled form of 5'-Methylthioadenosine, a nucleoside derived from S-adenosylmethionine during polyamine synthesis. This compound exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis, while also modulating the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor tissues. 5'-Methylthioadenosine-13C6 is valuable in research applications focused on tumorigenesis and the metabolic pathways involved in cancer progression.

N-(Phenylacetyl-d5)glycine is a deuterated form of phenylacetylglycine, functioning as a stable isotope. This compound serves as a gut microbial metabolite that can activate the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR). Its biological activity includes providing protective effects against cardiac injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, making it valuable for research in cardiac health and metabolic studies.

Pomalidomide-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Pomalidomide, a third-generation immunomodulatory agent known for its molecular glue functionality. This compound targets the E3 ligase cereblon, facilitating the degradation of critical Ikaros transcription factors. Pomalidomide-d3 is primarily utilized in research focused on hematological malignancies and the mechanisms of immune modulation.

Metoprolol-d5 is a deuterated form of Metoprolol, a selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-angiogenic activities, making it a valuable tool for cardiovascular research and studies exploring β-blockade effects. Its stable isotope labeling facilitates the tracking and quantification of Metoprolol in various biological systems.

Everolimus-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Everolimus, a potent and selective inhibitor of mTOR1. By binding to FKBP-12, Everolimus-d4 forms an immunosuppressive complex that effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation, while simultaneously inducing apoptosis and autophagy. This stable isotope is valuable for research applications in oncology and immunology, facilitating studies on the therapeutic mechanisms and metabolic pathways associated with mTOR inhibition.

Cabozantinib-d4 is a deuterium-labeled analog of Cabozantinib, which functions as a potent inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). It exhibits significant inhibition of VEGFR2, c-Met, Kit, Axl, and Flt3 with IC50 values of 0.035 nM, 1.3 nM, 4.6 nM, 7 nM, and 11.3 nM, respectively. This stabilized isotope is valuable for pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies, enabling researchers to trace and analyze the drug's metabolic pathways and interactions in biological systems.

7β-Hydroxycholesterol-d7 is a deuterated form of 7β-Hydroxycholesterol, an oxysterol produced through the oxidation of cholesterol. This compound plays a critical role in inducing cellular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis, contributing to its cytotoxic effects. Due to its antitumor properties, 7β-Hydroxycholesterol-d7 is valuable in cancer research and studies investigating the biological effects of oxysterols.

Herniarin-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Herniarin, a natural coumarin known for its anticancer properties. This compound induces significant apoptosis and decreases cell viability in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Additionally, Herniarin exhibits anti-dermatophytic activity, making it valuable for research in both bladder and breast cancer studies.

β-Carotene-13C10 is a stable isotope-labeled form of β-Carotene, a naturally occurring carotenoid and provitamin A precursor. This compound plays a crucial role in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), exhibiting both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Depending on the biological environment, β-Carotene-13C10 can function as either an antioxidant or a prooxidant. Additionally, it has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells, highlighting its potential applications in cancer research and oxidative stress studies.

L-Ascorbic acid-13C6-1 is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. This compound acts as an electron donor and serves as an endogenous antioxidant, exhibiting selective inhibition of Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. Additionally, L-Ascorbic acid enhances collagen deposition and inhibits elastogenesis. Its anti-cancer properties are attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can selectively target and damage cancer cells, making it a valuable reagent for research in oxidative stress and cancer biology.

Sodium propionate-d5, a deuterated form of sodium propionate, primarily acts as a stable isotope label in metabolic studies. This short-chain fatty acid is produced by intestinal bacteria through dietary fiber metabolism and enhances PPAR-γ, while inhibiting NF-κB activation, COX-2 expression, and nitric oxide production. Sodium propionate-d5 displays biological activities such as inducing apoptosis and autophagy, along with potential neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It serves as a valuable tool for investigating conditions such as spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and glioblastoma.

Ramipril-d5 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that exhibits a potent IC50 of 5 nM. This stable isotope is valuable for metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies, allowing for precise tracking of Ramipril's efficacy and distribution in biological systems. Ramipril-d5 is suitable for research applications involving cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.

Pomalidomide-d4 is a deuterium-labeled analog of the third-generation immunomodulatory agent Pomalidomide. It functions as a molecular glue that binds to the E3 ligase cereblon, promoting the degradation of key Ikaros transcription factors. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on multiple myeloma and the investigation of immunomodulatory mechanisms in oncogenesis. Its stable isotope labeling facilitates advanced analytical studies in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.

Citric acid-13C3 is a stable isotope-labeled form of citric acid. It serves as a valuable tool in metabolic studies and tracer experiments due to its ability to track metabolic pathways. Research indicates that citric acid can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at both G2/M and S phases in HaCaT cells, along with contributing to oxidative liver damage through the reduction of antioxidative enzyme activities. Additionally, it is widely utilized in various industries as an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant, and buffering agent.