Isotope-Labeled Compounds

L-Glutathione reduced-13C2,15N is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutathione reduced (GSH), designated by the incorporation of 13C and 15N isotopes. GSH serves as a critical endogenous antioxidant, effectively neutralizing oxygen-derived free radicals and maintaining redox homeostasis within cells. This labeled compound is essential for tracing glutathione metabolism and studying oxidative stress responses in various biological systems.

L-Glutamic acid-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of L-Glutamic acid, functioning as a stable isotope. L-Glutamic acid serves as an excitatory neurotransmitter and agonist at various glutamate receptors, including metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA subtypes. This compound is valuable for studying neurotransmitter dynamics and elucidating dopaminergic signaling pathways, particularly in investigations of dopamine release from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Glutamic acid-13C5,15N is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamic acid, featuring five carbon-13 and one nitrogen-15 isotopes. This compound serves as an excitatory neurotransmitter, functioning as an agonist at all glutamate receptor subtypes, including metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA receptors. It is particularly valuable for research on neurotransmitter release dynamics, specifically enhancing dopamine release from dopaminergic terminals, making it suitable for studies in neurobiology and pharmacology.

L-Glutamic acid-d3 is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamic acid. As an excitatory neurotransmitter, L-Glutamic acid functions as an agonist at various glutamate receptors, including metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA subtypes. It plays a key role in neurotransmission and has been shown to directly enhance the release of dopamine from dopaminergic terminals, making it valuable for research in neurobiology and related fields.

L-Glutamic acid-13C5 is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamic acid. As an excitatory neurotransmitter, it functions as an agonist at various glutamate receptor subtypes, including metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA receptors. L-Glutamic acid-13C5 is utilized in metabolic studies and tracer experiments, providing insights into neurotransmitter dynamics and the modulation of dopaminergic activity.

L-Cystine-d4 is the deuterated form of L-Cystine, an important amino acid and intracellular thiol. It serves as a crucial regulator of various cellular processes, particularly those involving oxidative stress and protein synthesis. This stable isotope is widely used in research applications, including metabolic studies and tracking of thiol groups in biochemical pathways.

L-Glutamine-13C5,15N2 is a stable isotope-labeled variant of L-Glutamine, featuring five carbon-13 and two nitrogen-15 isotopes. This non-essential amino acid plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, serving as a vital substrate for nitrogen and carbon metabolism in the body. L-Glutamine-13C5,15N2 is particularly useful in metabolic studies, tracer investigations, and isotopic labeling experiments to track metabolic pathways and cellular functions.

L-Glutamic acid-15N is the nitrogen-15 isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamic acid. As a key excitatory neurotransmitter, L-Glutamic acid serves as an agonist at all glutamate receptor subtypes, including metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA. This compound is instrumental in research focused on neurotransmission and has been shown to directly enhance dopamine release from dopaminergic terminals, making it valuable for studies in neurobiology and pharmacology.

L-Glutamine-1-13C is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamine, a non-essential amino acid critical for various metabolic pathways. It serves as an important source of carbon for oxidative metabolism in specific cell types. This reagent is primarily utilized in metabolic research and tracer studies to elucidate metabolic flux and pathways involving amino acids, contributing valuable insights into cellular metabolism and physiological processes.

Pipecolic acid-d9 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Pipecolic acid, a crucial metabolite of lysine. This compound plays a significant role in inhibiting ferroptosis, particularly in diabetic retinopathy, through the modulation of the YAP-GPX4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Pipecolic acid serves as a valuable diagnostic marker for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, making it useful in various biological and clinical research applications.

Dopamine-d5 hydrochloride is a deuterium-labeled analogue of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter primarily synthesized in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus. This compound retains the essential biological functions of dopamine, including its interaction with D2 dopamine receptors, which mediates the endocytosis of VEGFR2, a key process in angiogenesis. Dopamine-d5 hydrochloride is valuable for research applications involving neurotransmitter dynamics, neuropharmacology, and angiogenic pathways.

Gallic acid-d2 is the deuterated form of Gallic acid, a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound known for its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. This stable isotope serves as a valuable tool in metabolic studies and isotopic labeling experiments. Gallic acid exhibits a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, making it suitable for various research applications, particularly in oxidative stress and inflammation-related studies.

L-Glutamine-13C5 is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-Glutamine, a non-essential amino acid integral to metabolic processes. It serves as a crucial source of carbon for oxidative metabolism in various cell types. This reagent is valuable for metabolic studies, allowing for detailed insights into amino acid utilization, cellular metabolism, and nutrient tracking in biological research.

Triadimenol-d4 is the deuterated form of Triadimenol, a triazole fungicide known for its role in agricultural applications. This isotopically labeled compound can be utilized in research to study the pharmacokinetics and environmental behavior of Triadimenol. Its incorporation in experimental designs helps elucidate metabolic pathways and assess potential toxicity in biological systems.

Naftifine-d3 hydrochloride is a deuterated analog of Naftifine hydrochloride, primarily acting as an antifungal agent. It exhibits significant activity against dermatophytes, Aspergillus species, Sporothrix schenckii, and Candida species. This stable isotope-labeled compound is valuable for studying the inhibition of superficial dermatomycoses and for conducting pharmacokinetic and metabolic research.

Econazole nitrate-d6 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Econazole, an imidazole class antifungal agent. This compound exhibits potent antifungal and antibacterial activities, making it useful for a variety of biological research applications. The stable isotope labeling allows for advanced tracking and analysis in pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of Econazole-related compounds.

Fmoc-Pro-OH-13C5,15N is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of proline, featuring both 15N and 13C isotopes. This compound serves as a valuable tool in various biochemical studies, particularly in the analysis of protein structure and dynamics. Its isotopic labeling enhances the sensitivity and resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, making it ideal for research applications in proteomics and metabolic studies.

(E)-β-Farnesene-d6 is a deuterated form of (E)-β-Farnesene, a natural aphid alarm pheromone primarily sourced from the essential oil of Phlomis aurea Decne. This compound demonstrates substantial binding affinity to the CDK2 receptor, with a score of -30.64 kcal/mol, and binds effectively to odorant-binding protein 3 (OBP3). (E)-β-Farnesene-d6 has applications in entomological research, notably as a feeding stimulant for the sand fly species Lutzomyia longipalpis, making it a valuable tool for studies on insect behavior and pheromonal signaling.

Octanal-d4 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Octanal, a fragrant aldehyde known for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This compound exhibits notable antifungal activity against G. citri-aurantii, potentially by disrupting cell membrane integrity and causing the leakage of cellular contents. Additionally, Octanal demonstrates cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells, with an IC50 value of 3.5 μg/mL, making it relevant for studies in cancer biology and antimicrobial research.

Propiconazole-d7 is a deuterium-labeled analog of the triazole fungicide Propiconazole, which primarily targets the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol and disrupting fungal cell membranes. This compound demonstrates significant antifungal activity against species such as Trichophyton deformans and Rhizopus stolonifer, with effective doses of 0.073 and 4.6 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, Propiconazole-d7 enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), making it valuable for studies on oxidative stress in fungal pathogenesis and resistance mechanisms. This stable isotope-labeled compound is ideal for research applications requiring precise tracking of Propiconazole in biological systems.

Propamocarb-d7 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Propamocarb, a systemic fungicide. This stable isotope is utilized in research applications involving the study of fungicidal mechanisms and environmental fate. Propamocarb effectively protects crops such as cucumbers and tomatoes from a variety of plant pathogens, making Propamocarb-d7 valuable for agricultural studies and metabolomics.

Penconazole-d7 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Penconazole, a triazole fungicide primarily utilized for the management of powdery mildew in crops such as apples, grapes, and vegetables. This compound exerts its biological activity by inhibiting sterol biosynthesis in fungi, thereby disrupting cell membrane integrity. Additionally, Penconazole has been shown to decrease acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebrum and cerebellum of rat models, making it relevant for neurobiological research applications.

Ethylparaben-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, functioning primarily as a stable isotope. This compound is utilized in various biological research applications, particularly in the study of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of preservatives. Its use allows for enhanced tracking and identification of Ethylparaben in experimental settings, thereby aiding in the understanding of its antifungal properties and safety assessments in food and pharmaceutical products.

Pyrimethanil-d5 is a deuterated derivative of the anilinopyrimidine fungicide Pyrimethanil, targeting the biosynthesis of methionine and other amino acids in fungi. This stable isotope is utilized for studying the mechanisms of action and metabolism of Pyrimethanil against Botrytis spp. It serves as a valuable tool in research focused on the prevention and control of fungal diseases in fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops.

Alexidine-d10 is a deuterium-labeled variant of Alexidine, a bis-biguanide compound. It demonstrates significant antifungal and antibiofilm activities against various fungal pathogens. Additionally, Alexidine acts as an anticancer agent by inhibiting the mitochondrial tyrosine phosphatase PTPMT1, leading to mitochondrial apoptosis in mammalian cells. This isotope-labeled version can be particularly useful in studying metabolic pathways and drug interactions in biological systems.

Ravuconazole-d4 is a deuterium-labeled version of Ravuconazole, a potent triazole antifungal agent. This compound primarily inhibits fungal sterol biosynthesis by targeting lanosterol 14α-demethylase, effectively reducing fungal growth. Ravuconazole-d4 is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic profiling related to antifungal research.

Terbinafine-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of the antifungal agent Terbinafine, a potent non-competitive inhibitor of squalene epoxidase with a Ki of 30 nM, effective against Candida species. This compound demonstrates additional antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Terbinafine-d3 includes an alkyne functional group, making it suitable for click chemistry applications, specifically in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions. This compound is valuable for research in antifungal therapeutic development and mechanistic studies.

Isoprothiolane-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Isoprothiolane, a known blast fungicide. This compound exhibits notable antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal properties, primarily targeting fungal growth and penetration during hyphal infection stages. Additionally, Isoprothiolane has been shown to influence lipid metabolism by reducing serum phospholipid and total lipid concentrations, making it valuable in research related to fatty liver disease. Its stable isotope labeling enhances its utility in mechanistic studies and metabolic tracing in various biological applications.

trans-2-Hexenal-d2-1 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of trans-2-Hexenal. This volatile compound is prevalent in fresh plant materials and is recognized for its distinct leafy aroma. It exhibits antifungal properties and effectively inhibits soybean seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, trans-2-Hexenal-d2-1 serves as a valuable tool for the detection of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds that react with biological nucleophiles in various biological samples.

Fluoxastrobin-d4 is a deuterium-labeled variant of Fluoxastrobin, a broad-spectrum fungicide. This stable isotope-labeled compound serves as a valuable tool for pharmacokinetic studies and environmental fate investigations of the parent compound. It aids in research applications that require precise quantification and tracking of Fluoxastrobin in biological samples, enhancing the understanding of its biological activity and metabolic pathways.

Nerol-d6 is a deuterated derivative of Nerol, functioning as a stable isotope. Nerol is known for its role in neroli oil and exhibits biological activities such as triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, elevating intracellular Ca2+ levels, and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately leads to apoptosis. Additionally, it demonstrates antifungal activity, making it applicable in studies of cellular signaling, metabolism, and potential antifungal research.

Fenhexamid-d10 is a deuterium-labeled variant of Fenhexamid, a known inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis. This compound exhibits potent fungicidal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea), making it valuable for research into plant disease control and fungicidal mechanisms. Fenhexamid-d10 serves as a stable isotope standard in analytical studies, enhancing the understanding of fungicide behavior and metabolism in agricultural contexts.

2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d5 is a deuterated analog of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate, known for its potent antifungal activity. It has been shown to effectively inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal mechanism may involve reducing toxin levels and compromising cell membrane integrity, making this compound valuable for research in mycology and antifungal agent development.

Undecanoic acid-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of undecanoic acid, serving as a stable isotope for research applications. This monocarboxylic acid exhibits antifungal activity by inhibiting the production of extracellular keratinase and lipase, as well as the biosynthesis of various phospholipids in Trichophyton rubrum. It is suitable for studies in lipid metabolism and antifungal drug development.

Caspofungin-d4 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Caspofungin, a potent antifungal agent that targets the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component β-(1,3)-D-glucan. This stable isotope is commonly utilized in pharmacokinetic studies and metabolic research to track the drug's behavior in biological systems. Its unique isotopic labeling facilitates accurate quantification and analysis in various therapeutic and biochemical applications.

Glyceryl 1-monooctanoate-d5 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Glyceryl 1-monooctanoate, known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. This compound effectively inhibits the growth of various pathogenic organisms, including the yeast Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, as well as both Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Its stable isotope nature is particularly useful in metabolic studies and tracer applications in microbiological research.

Phenothiazine-d8 is a deuterated form of Phenothiazine, a compound known for its diverse biological activities including insecticidal, fungicidal, antibacterial, and anthelmintic effects. Its stable isotope labeling enables enhanced tracking in pharmacokinetic studies. Additionally, Phenothiazine-d8 is utilized in research concerning neurological diseases, providing insights into therapeutic mechanisms and potential interventions.

Anidulafungin-d11 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Anidulafungin, a semisynthetic echinocandin with potent antifungal activity. This stable isotope is utilized in research to trace metabolic pathways and analyze pharmacokinetics in fungal infections. Its application extends to studying the mechanisms of action and resistance in various fungal pathogens, facilitating advancements in antifungal drug development.

Voriconazole N-oxide-d3 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of Voriconazole N-oxide, a potent antifungal agent targeting fungal cell wall synthesis. This stable isotope is useful for quantitative studies in pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Voriconazole N-oxide exhibits phototoxic and photocarcinogenic properties while not sensitizing keratinocytes to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, making it relevant for research in dermatology and photobiology.

Acetophenone-13C8 is a stable isotope-labeled form of Acetophenone (1-Phenylethan-1-One), featuring eight carbon-13 isotopes. This compound is primarily utilized in isotope tracing studies and can be bioreduced to phenylethanol (PEA), providing insights into metabolic pathways involving aromatic compounds. Its applications extend to various fields such as organic chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental science, making it invaluable for researchers investigating carbon flux and biochemical processes.

Cyprodinil-d5 is a deuterated analog of Cyprodinil, a broad-spectrum anilinopyrimidine fungicide that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor activator. This compound exhibits significant antifungal properties by inhibiting methionine biosynthesis in plant-pathogenic fungi, thereby offering protection to fruits and vegetables from diverse pathogens. Additionally, Cyprodinil demonstrates both anti-androgenic and androgenic activities, making it suitable for research applications in pharmacology and plant biology.

Chlorothalonil-13C2 is a stable isotope-labeled variant of Chlorothalonil, a broad-spectrum fungicide targeting various fungal pathogens. It exhibits potent antifungal activity, particularly against Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani, making it essential for the control of fungal foliar diseases in vegetables and crops. This isotopically labeled compound is useful in environmental studies, metabolic research, and the analysis of fungicide behavior in agricultural systems.

2-Methoxybenzaldehyde-d3 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde, commonly known as o-Anisaldehyde. This stable isotope is utilized in various research applications, including metabolic studies and tracer experiments in organic synthesis. Additionally, 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde has demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it of interest in the study of antimicrobial agents and their mechanisms of action.

Phenoxyethanol-d2 is the deuterium-labeled derivative of phenoxyethanol, which serves as a stable isotope. This compound exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and acts as an uncoupling agent in oxidative phosphorylation, additionally competing with malate dehydrogenase. It finds applications in research related to antimicrobial efficacy, metabolic studies, and as a preservative in various formulations, including cosmetics and vaccines.

N-Heptyl 4-hydroxybenzoate-d4 is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of N-Heptyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, primarily used as an antimicrobial agent. It exhibits potent inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/mL. Additionally, this compound is effective against various plant pathogenic fungi, including Alternaria brassicicola, Fusarium solani, Cladosporium dematium, and Colletotrichum acutatum, making it valuable for research in both microbiology and agricultural sciences.

Difenoconazole-d6 is a deuterated analog of Difenoconazole, functioning primarily as a stable isotope. This compound acts as a sterol demethylation inhibitor by targeting the heme group of fungal cytochrome P450 51, effectively disrupting mycelial growth and inhibiting spore germination in various fungal pathogens. Difenoconazole-d6 is valuable for research applications in studying fungicide metabolism and the mechanistic pathways of fungal growth inhibition.

Miconazole-d5 is a deuterated form of the imidazole antifungal agent Miconazole, targeting fungal cell membrane synthesis. This stable isotope not only exhibits antifungal activity but also possesses antibacterial properties, making it valuable for investigating microbial infections. Miconazole-d5 is particularly useful in pharmacokinetic studies and metabolism research, providing insights into drug behavior in biological systems.

Difenoconazole-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterated form of Difenoconazole, a potent sterol demethylation inhibitor. Primarily utilized as a fungicide, it targets the heme component of fungal cytochrome P450 51, effectively disrupting mycelial growth and inhibiting spore germination in various fungal pathogens. This stable isotope is valuable for research applications in fungicide mechanism studies and the development of agricultural chemical formulations.

Econazole-d6 is a deuterated form of Econazole, an imidazole antifungal agent primarily targeting fungal infections through inhibition of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. This compound exhibits biological activity against a range of fungi and select Gram-positive bacteria, while lacking efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, Econazole-d6 is used in research to study prostaglandin synthesis and the potential hepatotoxic effects associated with antifungal treatments.

Sulcatone-d5 (6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one-d5) is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Sulcatone, a volatile organic compound derived from plants. This compound exhibits insecticidal and antifungal properties, along with the potential to lower blood pressure. Sulcatone also functions as an insect pheromone and an endogenous metabolite, detectable in feces. Alterations in Sulcatone levels may provide supportive information for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, demonstrating its relevance in both ecological and clinical research applications.