Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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COX Inhibitor
[8]-Shogaol is a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), specifically targeting COX-2 with an IC50 of 17.5 μM. This compound exhibits significant antiplatelet properties (IC50=5 μM) and demonstrates anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, [8]-Shogaol modulates key signaling pathways by inhibiting TAK1, IKK, and Akt, thereby influencing MAPK signaling and alleviating synovitis. Its unique pharmacological profile makes it a valuable reagent for research in cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases. -
Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibitor
Scopoletin is a cholinesterase inhibitor that primarily targets acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It possesses notable biological activity in preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby enhancing cholinergic transmission. Scopoletin is commonly used in research focused on neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive disorders, and potential therapeutic interventions involving cholinergic systems. -
COX Inhibitor
Diclofenac potassium is a potent nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, demonstrating IC50 values of 4 nM for human COX-1 and 1.3 nM for human COX-2 in CHO cells, along with 5.1 μM and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. This reagent exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties and is particularly effective in inducing apoptosis in neural stem cells through the activation of the caspase cascade. It is widely used in research studies focusing on inflammatory pathways and neural stem cell biology. -
Stable Isotope
Penconazole-d7 is a deuterium-labeled derivative of Penconazole, a triazole fungicide primarily utilized for the management of powdery mildew in crops such as apples, grapes, and vegetables. This compound exerts its biological activity by inhibiting sterol biosynthesis in fungi, thereby disrupting cell membrane integrity. Additionally, Penconazole has been shown to decrease acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebrum and cerebellum of rat models, making it relevant for neurobiological research applications. -
Fungicide
Iprobenfos is an organophosphorus fungicide primarily targeting the rice blast fungus. Its mechanism involves the phosphorylation of the -OH group on serine residues located within the active site of cholinesterases, leading to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. This compound is significant in agricultural research for its role in managing fungal diseases in crops and understanding the interaction of organophosphorus compounds with cholinergic systems. -
Tau Aggregation Inhibitor
Nimbin is a potent tau aggregation inhibitor derived from the limonoid class of compounds found in Azadirachta. It is shown to enhance cell viability while effectively inhibiting the envelope protein of the dengue virus. Additionally, Nimbin exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antihistamine, antiseptic, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties. This diverse activity profile makes Nimbin a valuable reagent for research in neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. -
Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibitor
(-)-Corynoxidine is an acetylcholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 89.0 μM, derived from the aerial parts of Corydalis speciosa. This compound demonstrates antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, making it a valuable tool for research in neurology and antimicrobial studies. -
Antibacterial Agent
Ilicicolin C is an antibacterial agent with demonstrated efficacy against Pseudomonas syringae, exhibiting an IC50 of 28.5 µg/mL. Additionally, it has shown weak inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase and β-glucuronidase, with IC50 values ranging from 30 to 43 µg/mL. The compound also displays weak cytotoxicity in human lung fibroblasts, with IC50 values of 64 to 120 µg/mL. Furthermore, Ilicicolin C influences seed germination and root tip growth in lettuce, indicating potential implications in plant research. -
COX1/2 Inhibitor
Indomethacin sodium is a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. This compound demonstrates significant anticancer and anti-infective properties, making it valuable in various biological research applications. Indomethacin sodium is essential for investigating mechanisms related to cancer treatment, inflammation, and viral infections. -
Antibiotic
Bacillosporin C is an oxaphenalenone dimer that acts as a potent antibiotic. Isolated from the bacterium T. bacillosporus and derived from the lactone bacillosporin D found in the mangrove endophytic fungus SBE-14, Bacillosporin C demonstrates significant antibacterial properties. Additionally, it has been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, making it a valuable tool for research in microbial resistance and neuropharmacology. -
Stable Isotope
Serotonin-d4 is a deuterated form of serotonin that serves as a stable isotope for research applications. As a monoamine neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, serotonin is an endogenous agonist of 5-HT receptors. It also exhibits inhibitory activity against catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) with a Ki of 44 μM. This compound is valuable for studies in neurobiology, pharmacology, and metabolic pathway analysis. -
Bioactive Alkaloid
Jatrorrhizine chloride is a bioactive alkaloid derived from Coptis chinensis, exhibiting diverse pharmacological properties such as neuroprotection, antimicrobial action, antiplasmodial effects, and antioxidant activity. This compound acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 872 nM, demonstrating over 115-fold selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Additionally, Jatrorrhizine chloride inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) through blockade of uptake-2 transporters, making it a valuable tool in neurological and pharmacological research. -
Carboxylate Activator
EEDQ is a carboxylate activator and an irreversible antagonist at the 5HT2c receptors. It effectively reduces [3H]β-CIT binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT) in rat caudate-putamen (CPu) homogenates with an IC50 value of 78.3 μM. Additionally, EEDQ has demonstrated the ability to inhibit contralateral rotation behavior, making it a useful tool for studying dopamine signaling and behavioral responses in neuropharmacological research. -
Dopamine D1/D5 Receptor Antagonist
SKF-83566 is a selective antagonist of the D1-like dopamine receptors, specifically targeting the dopamine D1 and D5 receptors. This compound exhibits potent inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) with an IC50 of 5.7 μM, and shows competitive antagonism at the vascular 5-HT2 receptor. In addition, SKF-83566 selectively inhibits adenylyl cyclase 2 (AC2) over AC1 and AC5, making it relevant for research into neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and studies focused on alleviating nicotine cravings. -
Stable Isotope
Serotonin-d4 hydrochloride is a stable isotope of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine). It acts as an endogenous agonist at 5-HT receptors, playing a crucial role in CNS signaling. Additionally, serotonin-d4 hydrochloride serves as a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, exhibiting a Ki value of 44 μM. This reagent is valuable for studies investigating neurotransmitter dynamics, receptor interactions, and metabolic pathways in pharmacological and neurobiological research. -
Bioactive Alkaloid
Jatrorrhizine hydroxide is a bioactive alkaloid derived from Coptis chinensis, primarily known for its neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and antioxidant properties. It functions as a potent and orally active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 872 nM, exhibiting over 115-fold selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Additionally, Jatrorrhizine hydroxide inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) through the modulation of uptake-2 transporters, making it valuable for research in neuropharmacology and neurodegenerative disorders. -
GABAA/BZ Receptor Agonist
(E)-3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid is a potent GABAA/BZ receptor agonist characterized by multiple methoxy substitutions on its cinnamic acid structure. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity, including anticonvulsant and sedative effects, making it a valuable tool in research related to insomnia, headaches, and epilepsy. Additionally, (E)-3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid exhibits favorable binding affinity to the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors, with IC50 values of 2.5 and 7.6 μM, respectively, supporting its potential in neuropharmacological studies. -
GABAA Activator
Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, particularly enhancing the function of receptors containing the β3 subunit. Its anxiolytic properties are primarily mediated through this modulation. Additionally, Valerenic acid serves as a partial agonist at the 5-HT5a receptor and exhibits significant antioxidant activity, making it valuable in research related to anxiety disorders and oxidative stress. -
nAChR Agonist
Facinicline hydrochloride is a selective partial agonist of the nicotinic α7 acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), exhibiting a Ki of 6 nM. This compound has demonstrated potential in enhancing cognitive function and sensorimotor gating in rodent models, making it a valuable tool for research on cognitive disorders. Additionally, Facinicline hydrochloride shows high affinity as an antagonist at the 5-HT3 receptor, with a Ki of 1.2 nM, widening its applicability in neurological and psychiatric research. -
GABAB Receptor Positive allosteric modulator
ADX71441 is an orally active positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. With an EC50 of 96 nM, it enhances the effect of endogenous GABA, while also functionally inhibiting adenosine transporters and the 5-HT2B receptor. ADX71441 demonstrates a range of biological activities, including anxiolytic, analgesic, muscle relaxant, and hypothermic effects. Additionally, it reduces acute locomotor activity, decreases the voluntary intake of alcohol and saccharin, mitigates stress-induced neuronal activation, and exhibits anti-hyperalgesic properties, making it a valuable tool for research in neuropharmacology and related fields. -
mAChR Agonist
Isopteropodine is a positive modulator that selectively targets muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), exhibiting notable agonistic activity. It demonstrates an EC50 of 9.92 μM for acetylcholine and 14.5 μM for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), highlighting its potential in neuroscience research related to cognitive function. Additionally, Isopteropodine displays antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 150 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 250 μg/mL for Bacillus subtilis, making it suitable for studies in antimicrobial activity and cognitive impairment. -
D1-like Dopamine-Receptor Antagonist
SKF-83566 hydrobromide is a selective antagonist of the D1-like dopamine receptors, exhibiting high blood-brain barrier permeability and oral bioavailability. This compound functions as a competitive inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT), with an IC50 of 5.7 μM, and demonstrates a weaker antagonistic effect on the vascular 5-HT2 receptor (Ki=11 nM). Additionally, SKF-83566 selectively inhibits adenylyl cyclase 2 (AC2) over AC1 and AC5, making it a valuable tool for studying Parkinson's disease and nicotine dependence. -
Bioactive Alkaloid
Jatrorrhizine is a bioactive alkaloid derived from Coptis chinensis, known for its neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and antioxidant properties. This compound serves as a potent, orally active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 872 nM, demonstrating over 115-fold selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Additionally, Jatrorrhizine inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) through the inhibition of uptake-2 transporters, making it a valuable reagent for neurological and pharmacological research. -
GABA Receptor Activator
2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin is a GABA receptor activator that enhances neurotransmitter activity across various pathways, including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and GABA. Isolated from the Arachis species, this compound plays a significant role in modulating nervous system functions and offers valuable insights for research applications related to neurochemistry and pharmacology. Its selective influence on neurotransmitter pathways makes it a useful tool for studying neuropharmacological mechanisms. -
GABA transport system Inhibitor
Arecaidine is a potent inhibitor of the GABA transport system, impacting neurotransmitter uptake and signaling. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of oral mucosal fibroblasts, while also regulating cytokine secretion, specifically increasing IL-6, TGF-β, and TNF-α levels, and altering the expression of PPAR-γ and PCK1. Additionally, Arecaidine inhibits hPAT1-mediated proline uptake, making it a valuable tool for research into neurological diseases and related mechanisms. -
α7 nAChR Agonist
NS-6740 is a partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), exhibiting an IC50 of 3 nM. This compound functions as a potent modulator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, influencing α7 signaling in an ion channel-independent manner, which ultimately reduces synaptic function. NS-6740 promotes the desensitized state of α7 nAChR and elicits substantial nAChR-mediated currents. It is effective in decreasing LPS-induced TNF-α release from microglia, making it a valuable tool for research into neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain mechanisms. -
α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibitor
NS-6740 hydrochloride is a potent partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), exhibiting an IC50 of 3 nM. It functions as a modulator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and alters α7 signaling in an ion channel-independent manner, which diminishes synaptic function and promotes receptor desensitization. NS-6740 hydrochloride has been shown to significantly reduce LPS-induced TNF-α release from microglia, making it a valuable tool in the study of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain mechanisms. -
Anti-bacterial Agent
Talaromycesone A is an oxaphenalenone dimer with significant antibacterial properties, exhibiting an IC50 of 3.70 μM against Staphylococcus strains pathogenic to humans. Additionally, it demonstrates strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with an IC50 of 7.49 μM. This compound is valuable for research applications focusing on antimicrobial susceptibility and neuropharmacology. -
iNOS/COX-2 Inhibitor
Ermanin is a flavonoid extracted from Tanacetum microphyllum, known for its potent inhibitory effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Its biological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculous, and anti-viral/bacterial properties, making it a valuable reagent in research related to inflammation and infectious diseases. Ermanin is useful for exploring the pathways associated with nitric oxide production and prostaglandin synthesis in various biological contexts. -
Aprotic Solvent
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an aprotic solvent that effectively dissolves a wide range of polar and nonpolar compounds, including water-insoluble therapeutic agents. DMSO demonstrates the ability to enhance the penetration of substances through biological membranes due to its strong affinity for water. It possesses potential biological activities, including free radical scavenging, anticholinesterase effects, and the ability to influence coagulation activity. Additionally, DMSO is known to induce histamine release from mast cells and exhibits antifreeze and antibacterial properties, making it valuable in various biochemical research applications. -
RVG Peptide
RVG (RVG29) is a peptide derived from Rabies Virus Glycoprotein that specifically binds to the α-7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on neuronal cells. This interaction facilitates the enhanced delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to antigen-presenting cells, making RVG valuable for immunological research and vaccine development studies targeting tuberculosis. -
COX Inhibitor
α-Spinasterol is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates a range of biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, it can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and has shown potential in improving diabetes in murine models, making it a valuable tool for research in inflammatory disorders and neurological conditions. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Medicagenic acid, a potent bacterial inhibitor derived from the roots of Herniaria glabra, demonstrates significant fungistatic activity against various plant pathogens and human dermatophytes. This compound exhibits low enzyme inhibitory activity, specifically targeting xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterase. Medicagenic acid is valuable for research applications in studying antifungal resistance mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic avenues for dermatological conditions. -
Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Agent/Cholinesterase Inhibitor
2-Hydroxydocosanoic acid is a versatile compound known for its antioxidant properties, inhibition of cholinesterase, and antimicrobial activity. It has shown potential in mitigating oxidative stress, making it relevant for studies focused on neuroprotection and aging. Additionally, its antimicrobial effects support research applications in combating microbial resistance. This compound serves as a valuable tool for exploring mechanisms related to oxidative damage and microbial inhibition. -
COX-1/2 Inhibitor
2-(p-Tolyl)propanoic acid is a selective inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, displaying IC50 values of 38.23 μM and 64.30 μM, respectively. This compound exhibits antimicrobial properties and is relevant for research on bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its mechanism of action positions it as a valuable tool for investigating inflammatory processes and antimicrobial resistance in various biological studies. -
Fluorogenic Substrate
Resorufin butyrate is a fluorogenic substrate primarily utilized for the detection of triglyceride lipases and cholinesterase. With excitation at 570 nm and emission at 580 nm, this compound facilitates sensitive fluorescence-based assays. It is particularly valuable in biochemical studies focusing on lipid metabolism and enzyme activity. -
Fluorescent probe
3-BTD (3-Benzothiazole-daphnetin) is a two-photon fluorescence probe targeting Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). It exhibits key biological activity by enabling the detection of endogenous COMT in living cells and tissue sections, making it a valuable tool for biological imaging applications. This compound aids in understanding the role of COMT in various physiological and pathological processes. -
Fluorescent Products
3-BTMD is a fluorescent compound generated through the action of the COMT enzyme on its substrate, 3-BTD, exhibiting an excitation wavelength of 390 nm and an emission wavelength of 510 nm. This reagent is primarily utilized in fluorescent labeling and imaging applications, facilitating the study of enzymatic activity and biomolecular interactions in various biological contexts. Its distinct fluorescence properties make it a valuable tool for researchers in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. -
AChE/BChE Inhibitor
Coumarin 106 is a dipolar laser dye that serves as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). It exhibits mixed-type inhibition of AChE with a pIC50 of 4.97 and a Ki value of 2.36 μM, while also inhibiting BChE with a slightly lower potency (pIC50 of 4.56). This compound is valuable in studying cholinergic signaling pathways and may aid in the exploration of therapeutic strategies for disorders linked to cholinergic dysfunction. -
AChE/BChE Inhibitor
PE154 is a highly potent fluorescent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with IC50 values of 280 pM and 16 nM, respectively. This compound is effective for visualizing β-amyloid plaques in histochemical analyses, making it a valuable tool in research focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cholinergic system studies. Its high specificity and sensitivity enhance its utility in biochemical assays and pathological examinations. -
COX-2/Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Polmacoxib is a novel, orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts as a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and carbonic anhydrase, with an IC50 value of approximately 0.1 μg/ml for COX-2. It exhibits significant biological activity by inhibiting the growth of colorectal adenomas and tumors in mouse models, making it a promising tool for cancer research. Polmacoxib is valuable for studying the roles of COX-2 and carbonic anhydrase in cancer biology and inflammation. -
AChE/hCA Inhibitor
AChE/hCA I-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases (hCA I and hCA II). It demonstrates potent inhibition with IC50 values of 302 nM for AChE, 265 nM for hCA I, and 283 nM for hCA II. This compound is valuable for research applications exploring neurodegenerative disorders and the regulation of physiological pH balance. -
AChE/hCA Inhibitor
AChE/hCA I/II-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases I and II (hCA I/II), demonstrating IC50 values of 22.21 nM for AChE, and 60.79 nM and 66.64 nM for hCA I and II, respectively. This compound is valuable for research applications related to glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes, providing insights into the modulation of these critical enzymatic targets. -
COX-2 Inhibitor
COX-2-IN-30 is a benzenesulfonamide derivative that functions as a potent selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with an IC50 of 49 nM and also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC50 of 2.4 μM. Additionally, it affects human carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII, displaying nanomolar Ki values. This compound demonstrates significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties while maintaining a favorable gastrointestinal safety profile, making it useful for research in inflammation, pain relief, and related gastrointestinal studies. -
hCA I/II Inhibitor
hCAI/II-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II, exhibiting IC50 values of 37.88 nM and 45.23 nM, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against α-Glycosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values of 48.98 nM and 420.14 nM. This compound is valuable for research applications in various diseases, including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, ulcers, and epilepsy. -
CA/ChE Inhibitor
hCA I-IN-4 is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cholinesterase (ChE), demonstrating potent inhibitory activity against hCA I, hCA II, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with Ki values of 29.94 nM, 17.72 nM, 21.21 nM, and 7.65 nM, respectively. This compound also exhibits cytotoxic effects in BT-549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 16.59 μM. hCA I-IN-4 is valuable for research involving enzyme regulation and cancer therapeutics. -
α-GLY Inhibitor
α-Glycosidase-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of α-glycosidase (α-GLY), exhibiting a potent IC50 of 44.72 nM and a KI of 41.74 nM. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II, as well as acetylcholinesterase, with IC50 values of 104.87 nM, 100.04 nM, and 654.87 nM, respectively. This compound is valuable for research into various conditions, including diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, heart failure, ulcers, and epilepsy. -
hCAI/II Inhibitor
hCAI/II-IN-8 is a hydrazide derivative that serves as a selective inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase isomerases I and II, with IC50 values of 21.35 ± 0.39 nM and 7.12 ± 0.12 nM, respectively. In addition to its primary target, hCAI/II-IN-8 also demonstrates inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), exhibiting IC50 values of 46.27 ± 0.75 nM and 43.38 ± 0.83 nM, respectively. This compound is relevant for studies involving enzyme inhibition and has potential applications in understanding neurodegenerative diseases and carbonic anhydrase-related pathologies. -
Fluorescent probe
DTNP is a BchE-activated near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe known for its ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier. Upon activation by butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), DTNP exhibits inhibitory effects on enzyme activity, making it a valuable tool in the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its unique properties facilitate research into the pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies related to neurodegeneration. -
AChE Inhibitor
hAChE-IN-6 is a selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 of 0.16 μM. It also inhibits human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) with IC50 values of 0.69 μM and 0.26 μM, respectively. Notably, hAChE-IN-6 inhibits the self-aggregation of tau protein and amyloid beta 1-42, making it a valuable reagent for research into Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.
