Neuronal Signaling

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  1. Neuron-protective Agent

    NAB2 is a neuroprotective agent that specifically targets the small GTPase Rab1a. By selectively binding to the GDP-bound form of Rab1a, NAB2 enhances Rab1a expression, thereby protecting various cell types from α-synuclein toxicity. This compound plays a critical role in regulating ER-to-Golgi trafficking and modulates endosomal trafficking of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5/Nedd4. NAB2 also promotes the ubiquitination of related proteins in a Nedd4-dependent manner, effectively addressing α-synuclein-associated trafficking deficits linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease.
  2. Protein Aggregation Inhibitor

    PQQ-trimethylester (PQQ-TME) is a trimethylester derivative of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) that acts as a protein aggregation inhibitor. It exhibits enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability compared to its parent compound, PQQ. PQQ-trimethylester effectively inhibits the fibrillation of α-synuclein, amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42), and prion proteins, making it a valuable tool for research into neurodegenerative diseases.
  3. α-synuclein Control

    (S)-Minzasolmin is an isomer that specifically inhibits α-synuclein oligomerization. By targeting the aggregation of α-synuclein, this compound is instrumental in research related to neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in studying the mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease. Its ability to modulate protein aggregation makes it a valuable reagent for investigations into protein misfolding diseases.
  4. α-Synuclein Aggregation Inhibitor

    PBT434 is an effective α-synuclein aggregation inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. It functions as an iron chelator, modulating transcellular iron trafficking and inhibiting iron-mediated redox activity, which contributes to α-synuclein aggregation. PBT434 also protects against the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, making it a valuable tool for research into Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.
  5. α-Syn Aggregation Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 10 is specifically designed to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation, demonstrating a low IC50 value of 1.08 μM. This compound exhibits strong binding affinity to the residues of α-synuclein, making it a valuable tool in the study of α-synuclein-related pathologies. It is particularly relevant for research in Parkinson's disease, providing insights into potential therapeutic approaches.
  6. α-Synuclein Oligomer Formation Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 11 is a selective inhibitor of α-synuclein oligomer formation. This compound specifically targets α-synuclein without affecting tau 4R isoforms or phosphorylated tau. It serves as a valuable tool for investigating the pathological mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease and may aid in the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating α-synuclein aggregation.
  7. α-synuclein PET Ligand

    MK-7337 is an α-synuclein PET ligand, designed for targeted imaging in neurodegenerative disorders. Radiolabeled with carbon-11, MK-7337 serves as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, enabling detailed visualization of α-synuclein aggregation in the brain. This compound is valuable for advancing research and understanding the biochemical underpinnings of conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
  8. α-Syn Aggregation Inhibitor

    LETC is an orally active α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation inhibitor, demonstrating an EC50 of 66 nM in transfected DH60.21 neuroblastoma cells. This compound effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier, making it suitable for in vivo studies. LETC is valuable for researching synucleinopathies and understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-Syn aggregation.
  9. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    Peucedanocoumarin III acts as an inhibitor of α-synuclein and Huntington protein aggregates, promoting the clearance of nuclear and cytoplasmic β23 aggregates. This compound effectively prevents cytotoxicity associated with disease-related proteins, such as mutant Huntington proteins and α-synuclein. Peucedanocoumarin III is particularly valuable in studies focused on the mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.
  10. Α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein 4554W is an inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation, specifically targeting the toxic aggregates associated with neurodegeneration. Comprising the GIVNGVKA sequence identified through intracellular library screening, this reagent effectively decreases fibril formation in α-synuclein mutants linked to Parkinson's disease. It serves as a valuable tool for research into the molecular mechanisms underlying synucleinopathies and offers potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
  11. Neuronal Protein

    α-Synuclein (61-95) (human) is a peptide derived from the hydrophobic core region of the α-synuclein protein, serving as a crucial target in neurological research. This fragment is known to promote neuronal cell death and is pivotal in the study of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Researchers can utilize α-Synuclein (61-95) to investigate the underlying mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction and neurotoxicity associated with these conditions.
  12. α-synuclein inhibitors

    Movronersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that specifically inhibits α-synuclein expression. By targeting the mRNA of α-synuclein, this compound effectively reduces its protein levels, making it a valuable tool for research into neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Movronersen can aid in the study of α-synuclein's role in pathology and the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
  13. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein Inhibitor 9 is a selective inhibitor that targets α-synuclein, a protein implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. This compound binds to specific cavities within mature α-synuclein fibrils, effectively disrupting β-sheet formation and inhibiting the aggregation of the A53T α-synuclein variant. It demonstrates neuroprotective effects, improves brain functional connectivity, and alleviates motor dysfunction. This reagent is valuable for research focused on Parkinson's disease and related pathologies.
  14. Prolyl Endopeptidase Inhibitor

    HUP-55 is a potent prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM. This compound significantly reduces α-synuclein dimerization in Neuro2a cells and induces autophagy in HEK293 cells. Additionally, HUP-55 effectively decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in SH-SY5Y cells when administered at 10 μM. In vivo studies reveal that HUP-55 enhances motor function and reduces harmful oligomer levels of α-synuclein in the striatum in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, demonstrating its potential in neuroprotective research applications.
  15. PD Biomarker

    α-Synuclein (45-54) (human) is a peptide fragment corresponding to amino acids 45-54 of the α-Synuclein protein. This protein is primarily localized in presynaptic nerve terminals and plays a critical role in synaptic function. As a prominent biomarker for Parkinson's disease, α-Synuclein (45-54) is essential for research applications focused on neurodegenerative diseases, allowing for the exploration of pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
  16. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein Inhibitor 8 is a potent inhibitor of α-Synuclein, demonstrating an IC50 value of 2.5 µM. This compound effectively inhibits both the aggregation and disaggregation of α-Synuclein fibers, reducing the formation of inclusions in neurons. Additionally, it exhibits antioxidant properties and maintains low cytotoxicity, making it a valuable tool for research into neuronal repair mechanisms and the potential treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.
  17. PD Marker

    α-Synuclein (34-45) (human) is a fragment derived from the full-length α-Synuclein protein, specifically encompassing residues 34 to 45. This peptide is integral for studying the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, serving as a biomarker associated with neurodegeneration. Its role in the aggregation and misfolding processes of α-Synuclein makes it valuable for research applications focused on molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.
  18. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 6 is a potent inhibitor of α-Synuclein aggregation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.70 μM and an inhibition ratio of 94.4% at 30 μM. This compound effectively penetrates the blood-brain barrier, making it suitable for neurodegenerative disease research. Its ability to modulate α-Synuclein aggregation provides a valuable tool for studies exploring the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies and the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
  19. Tau-0N4R Inhibitor

    Tau-0N4R-IN-1 is an effective inhibitor of tau 0N4R oligomerization, capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier. This compound demonstrates significant biological activity by inhibiting tau fibrosis across different isoforms, exhibiting anti-seeding effects on tau in vitro, and dose-dependently reducing α-synuclein oligomerization and inclusions. Additionally, Tau-0N4R-IN-1 is stable in mouse microsomes and has been shown to decrease amyloid-beta plaques in brain tissues from Alzheimer's disease patients, making it a valuable reagent for neurological research and drug development.
  20. PD Biomarker

    α-Synuclein (71-82) (human) is a peptide derived from the 71-82 fragment of the α-Synuclein protein, which is highly expressed in presynaptic nerve terminals. This peptide serves as a critical biomarker for the diagnosis and study of Parkinson's disease (PD). Its utility in research extends to understanding pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets related to neurodegeneration in PD.
  21. α-Synuclein Aggregation Inhibitor

    PBT434 free base is a potent α-synuclein aggregation inhibitor that effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier. This compound functions as an iron chelator, modulating transcellular iron trafficking and inhibiting iron-mediated redox activity, along with the aggregation of α-synuclein. PBT434 free base has demonstrated neuroprotective effects by preventing the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is valuable for research applications related to Parkinson's disease.
  22. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 4 is a potent inhibitor of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.98 μM. It demonstrates a significant inhibition ratio of 91.2% at a concentration of 30 μM. This compound is valuable in research applications focused on neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those related to amyloid formation and synucleinopathies. Its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier enhances its potential for in vivo studies.
  23. α-Syn Inhibitor

    Syn-516 is an inhibitor targeting α-synuclein (α-Syn) by specifically engaging the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of α-Syn mRNA, resulting in an IC50 of 1.8 μM. This compound effectively inhibits the translation of α-Syn protein, demonstrating potential to alleviate motor dysfunction and colonic motility issues linked to α-Syn overexpression in murine models. Syn-516 serves as a valuable tool for research into neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia.
  24. α-synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 15 is an inhibitor that targets the fibrillation growth of α-synuclein, with an IC50 value of 18 μM. This compound exhibits potential for investigating neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Its mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool for researchers exploring the pathophysiology of these conditions and developing therapeutic strategies.
  25. Neuroprotective Agent

    Squalamine phosphate is an orally active neuroprotective agent that functions by displacing alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) from nerve cell membranes, thereby preventing its aggregation. This mechanism may provide insights into the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Squalamine phosphate is valuable for research into neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease, and aids in the exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting protein aggregation.
  26. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein-IN-17 is a selective inhibitor of α-synuclein, demonstrating an IC50 value of 9 μM. This compound exhibits significant inhibitory activity against both in vitro assembled α-synuclein fibrils and those amplified from Lewy Body Disease brain tissue. α-Synuclein-IN-17 is a valuable tool for research into Parkinson's disease and Lewy Body Disease, aiding in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these neurodegenerative conditions.
  27. α-Synuclein-CHMP2B Interaction Disruptor

    PDpep1.3 is a peptide inhibitor targeting the interaction between α-synuclein and CHarged Multivesicular body Protein 2B (CHMP2B). By disrupting this interaction, PDpep1.3 enhances the degradative function of endosomes and lysosomes, subsequently reducing the levels and aggregation of α-synuclein. This compound is valuable for investigating neurodegenerative diseases and protein-protein interactions, particularly those associated with dopaminergic neuron protection against α-synuclein-mediated degeneration.
  28. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein-IN-18 is a selective inhibitor of α-Synuclein aggregation, targeting the conserved binding pocket on α-synuclein fibrils. This compound effectively delays the autocatalytic proliferation of α-synuclein aggregates, extending the aggregation half-life by threefold. By reducing the generation of toxic α-synuclein oligomers, α-Synuclein-IN-18 offers potential in mitigating neurotoxicity associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Its application is particularly relevant in research related to Parkinson's disease.
  29. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 7 is a potent inhibitor of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, demonstrating an IC50 value of 1.95 μM and an inhibition ratio of 85.8% at 30 μM. This compound effectively penetrates the blood-brain barrier, making it a valuable tool in the study of neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-Syn pathology. Its potential applications include investigating the mechanisms of α-Syn aggregation and exploring therapeutic strategies for conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
  30. α -Syn Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 3 is an inhibitor of α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation. This compound demonstrates potential in combating the pathological aggregation associated with Parkinson's disease. Its application is critical for research focused on neurodegenerative disorders and understanding α-synuclein's role in synaptic function and toxicity.
  31. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 5 is a potent inhibitor of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, exhibiting an IC50 of 1.22 μM and an inhibition ratio of 94.3% at 30 μM concentration. This compound is capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, making it a valuable tool for research focused on neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-Syn aggregation. Its efficacy in disrupting α-Syn aggregates supports investigations into therapeutic strategies for conditions such as Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies.
  32. α-Synuclein Inhibitor

    Alpinin A is a diarylheptanoid that serves as a potent inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation. At a concentration of 10 μM, it demonstrates a significant inhibition rate of 66%. This compound is particularly valuable for research related to neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, contributing to the understanding of α-synuclein's role in neurodegeneration.
  33. D-520 Prodrug

    D-685 is a prodrug of D-520 that demonstrates enhanced in vivo anti-Parkinsonian efficacy in reserpinized animal models of Parkinson's disease. This compound effectively reduces the accumulation of human α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, D-685 is characterized by its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, making it a valuable tool for neurological research.
  34. PD Biomarker

    α-Synuclein (67-78) (human) is a key fragment of the α-Synuclein protein that serves as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). This peptide fragment is involved in promoting network activity while inhibiting KCl-induced SyT1L autophagy uptake. Its functional properties make it a valuable tool for research into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and potential therapeutic interventions in PD.
  35. α-synuclein Inhibitor

    Aerophobin-2 is a brominated compound isolated from the sponge Verongia aerophoba, acting as an α-synuclein inhibitor. This reagent effectively inhibits the aggregation of both α-synuclein (α-syn) and phosphorylated α-synuclein (pSyn), demonstrating significant neuroprotective activity. Its applications extend to studies in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those involving synucleinopathies.
  36. PD Biomarker

    α-Synuclein (61-75) is a peptide fragment derived from the full-length α-Synuclein protein, containing amino acids 61 to 75. This fragment is implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), serving as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and research applications. Its study facilitates the understanding of PD mechanisms, particularly in relation to synaptic function and neurodegeneration.
  37. α-synuclein Aggregation Inhibitor

    α-Synuclein inhibitor 14 is a diarylheptanoid that acts as an α-synuclein aggregation inhibitor. It demonstrates a significant inhibition rate of 72.4% at a concentration of 10 μM, making it a valuable tool for studies related to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease. This compound aids in elucidating the mechanisms of α-synuclein aggregation and its impact on neuronal health.
  38. α-Synuclein Modulator

    α-Synuclein modulator 1 is a selective modulator targeting α-synuclein, a protein implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. This compound exhibits optimal absorption and emission wavelengths of 386 nm and 603 nm, respectively, in a 1:1 acetonitrile/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. It is an invaluable tool for research applications focused on understanding α-synuclein's role in disease pathology and therapeutic development.
  39. NF-κB Activator

    Methylchloroisothiazolinone is a potent NF-κB activator known for its pro-inflammatory properties. It induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulation of TLR4. This compound is utilized in research focusing on allergic contact dermatitis and immunotoxicity mechanisms. Additionally, Methylchloroisothiazolinone demonstrates neurotoxic effects and has been shown to impair cholinesterase activity, leading to increased oxidative stress and detrimental impacts on aquatic organisms, specifically Mediterranean mussels.
  40. NF-κB Inhibitor

    6-O-p-Hydroxybenzoylglutinoside is a selective NF-κB inhibitor that effectively suppresses TNF-α-activated NF-κB transcriptional activity, with an IC50 of 52.78 μM. This compound demonstrates targeted biological activity without significantly inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Isolated from the seeds of Catalpa bungei (Manchurian catalpa), 6-O-p-Hydroxybenzoylglutinoside is valuable for research applications focused on inflammation and signal transduction pathways.
  41. Anesthesia Agent

    Desflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent that functions primarily by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA receptor, resulting in dose-dependent anesthesia. It is utilized in both surgical and diagnostic procedures requiring general anesthesia, offering rapid onset and recovery profiles. Additionally, desflurane is notable for its minimal metabolism, making it a valuable option in procedures requiring quick emergence from anesthesia. Its properties also make it suitable for studying the effects of anesthetics on neuronal activity.
  42. QPCTL Inhibitor

    QP5020 is a selective QPCTL inhibitor with an IC50 value of 15 nM. This compound demonstrates notable antitumor efficacy, making it a valuable tool for cancer research. Its mechanism of action provides insights into the role of QPCTL in tumor biology and offers potential avenues for therapeutic exploration.
  43. Antiamyloid Agent

    Squoxin is an antiamyloid agent that specifically targets Aβ1-42, effectively inhibiting its aggregation and fibril formation. This compound is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, making it relevant for neurological research. Additionally, Squoxin exhibits anthelmintic activity and possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which further supports its potential applications in various biological and therapeutic studies.
  44. APP Degrader

    Aβ42-IN-4 is an APP degrader that effectively reduces the production of amyloid-β peptide Aβ42 by promoting the degradation of the amyloid precursor protein. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, where the accumulation of Aβ42 is a key pathogenic factor. Its ability to modulate APP levels makes Aβ42-IN-4 a relevant tool for investigating potential therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing amyloid plaque formation.
  45. Aβ Aggregation Inhibitor

    Aβ-IN-5 is a potent Aβ aggregation inhibitor, demonstrating oral bioavailability. It effectively inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with IC50 values of 21.29 μM and 1.32 μM, respectively. This compound exhibits significant neuroprotective effects while maintaining low neurotoxicity, making it a valuable tool for research on neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease.
  46. Aβ42 Inhibitor

    Doliroside A is an Aβ42-binding agent that exhibits an IC50 of 26.57 μM for Aβ42. By binding to Aβ42 nuclei and oligomers, it forms stable complexes that suppress Aβ42 fibrillation, redirecting it into off-pathway, amorphous oligomers. This compound serves as a valuable tool in Alzheimer's disease research, aiding in the understanding of Aβ42 aggregation mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.
  47. BACE1/2 Inhibitor

    BACE1/2-IN-1 is a potent dual inhibitor of BACE1 and BACE2, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.01 μM and 0.0053 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates a favorable pharmacokinetic profile characterized by a lower P-glycoprotein efflux ratio and enhanced passive permeability. In addition, BACE1/2-IN-1 is associated with increased metabolic stability in liver microsomes, making it a valuable tool for researching therapeutic strategies targeting amyloid precursor protein processing in Alzheimer's disease.
  48. Fusion Protein

    Zamubafusp alfa is an immunoglobulin-peptide fusion protein that targets amyloid fibrils and highly sulfated heparan sulfate glycans. This compound enhances macrophage phagocytosis, facilitating the clearance of amyloid deposits. It is particularly relevant for research applications focused on systemic amyloidosis and the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating amyloid-related diseases.
  49. BACE1 Inhibitor

    2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone is a selective and potent inhibitor of Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) with an IC50 of 0.62 μM. This compound, derived from Isoliquiritigenin found in Glycyrrhiza uralensis, effectively inhibits the β-cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to a reduction in β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide production. 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone is used in research related to Alzheimer's disease, providing insights into potential therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative conditions.
  50. Amylin Antagonist

    AC 253 is an amylin antagonist that specifically inhibits the binding of 125I-adrenomedullin, demonstrating an IC50 value of 25 nM. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, where modulation of amylin pathways may play a critical role.

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