PI3K

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂) to generate the second messenger phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P₃). The production of PI(3,4,5)P₃ facilitates the recruitment and activation of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain–containing proteins at the plasma membrane, thereby initiating downstream signaling cascades essential for cellular proliferation, survival, and migration.

PI3Ks are divided into three major classes, among which Class I PI3Ks are most prominently implicated in cancer biology. Class I enzymes comprise four distinct catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ.

Class IA PI3Ks, the subclass most commonly associated with oncogenic signaling, function as heterodimeric lipid kinases composed of a catalytic p110 subunit (p110α, p110β, or p110δ, encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD, respectively) and a regulatory p85 subunit.

The PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in diverse biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cellular growth, survival, actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, migration, and intracellular vesicular trafficking.

Frequently Asked Questions
What is PI3K?
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol lipids to regulate cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immune signaling. PI3K activation leads to downstream AKT and mTOR pathway signaling. Aberrant PI3K signaling is frequently observed in cancer due to PIK3CA mutations, PTEN loss, or receptor tyrosine kinase activation.
What are the different PI3K isoforms?
Class I PI3Ks include four catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα (PIK3CA) PI3Kβ (PIK3CB) PI3Kδ (PIK3CD) PI3Kγ (PIK3CG) PI3Kα and β are broadly expressed, while PI3Kδ and γ are enriched in leukocytes and play critical roles in immune regulation. Isoform selectivity is an important consideration in drug development due to toxicity and immune effects.
What are the major types of PI3K inhibitors?
PI3K inhibitors can be classified as: Pan-PI3K inhibitors Isoform-selective inhibitors (α, β, δ, γ) Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors Irreversible inhibitors Selectivity influences therapeutic window and toxicity profile.
How do PI3K inhibitors differ from mTOR inhibitors?
While PI3K inhibitors block upstream lipid kinase activity, mTOR inhibitors act downstream at the level of mTORC1 or mTORC2. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors target both nodes of the pathway and may achieve broader pathway suppression.

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  1. PI3Kδ inhibitor

    PI3Kdelta inhibitor 1 (Compound 5d) is a potent, selective and orally available PI3Kδ inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.3 nM.
  2. PI3Kα inhibitor

    GDC-0077 (RG6114) is a potent, orally available, and selective PI3Kα inhibitor (IC50=0.038 nM).
  3. PI3K inhibitor

    CAL-130 is a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. It is reported that combined inhibition of PI3Kδ/γ as therapy for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
  4. PI3K inhibitor

    CAL-130 Hydrochloride is a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. It is reported that combined inhibition of PI3Kδ/γ as therapy for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
  5. PI3K inhibitor

    LY303511, an inactive analogue of LY294002, is a mTOR inhibitor that did not inhibit PI3-K.
  6. PI3K Inhibitor

    NVP-BKM120 Hydrochloride is a selective PI3K inhibitor of p110α/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 52 nM/166 nM/116 nM/262 nM, respectively. Reduced potency against VPS34, mTOR, DNA-PK, with little activity to PI4Kβ.
  7. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI103 is a potent inhibitor with low IC50 values against recombinant PI3K isoforms p110alpha (IC50= 2 nM), p110beta (IC50= 3 nM), p110delta (IC50= 3 nM), and p110gamma (IC50= 15 nM), less potent to mTOR/DNA-PK with IC50 of 30 nM/23 nM.
  8. PI3K Inhibitor

    XL147 is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I PI3K family of lipid kinases.
  9. p110α inhibitor

    MLN1117, also known as INK1117 and TAK-117, is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha isoform with potential antineoplastic activity.
  10. endothelial barrier enhancer

    Ginsenoside Rk1, one of the main elements of Sung Ginseng, has been confirmed as a new endothelial barrier enhancer recently and has anti-cancer activity.
  11. PI3K inhibitor

    AZD8186 is an isoform-specific small-molecule PI3K inhibitor, potently inhibits PI3Kβ (IC50=4 nM) and PI3Kδ (IC50=12 nM) with selectivity over PI3Kα (IC50=35 nM) and PI3Kγ (IC50=675 nM).
  12. PI3K-δ/PI3K-γ inhibitor

    IPI-145, also known as INK-1197, is an orally bioavailable, highly selective and potent small molecule inhibitor of the delta and gamma isoforms of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities.
  13. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    VS-5584 is a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.
  14. Pan PI3K inhibitor

    SF1126 is a water soluble, small-molecule prodrug containing the pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY294002/SF1101 conjugated to the RGD-containing tetra-peptide SF1174 with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities.
  15. PI3K inhibitor

    GDC-0032 is a potent, next-generation PI3 inhibitor targeting PI3 alpha.
  16. PI3K inhibitor

    PF-4989216 is a potent and selective PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2 nM, 142 nM, 65 nM, 1 nM, and 110 nM for p110α, p110β, p110γ, p110δ, and VPS34, respectively.
  17. PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor

    PF-04979064 is a highly potent and orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor.
  18. PI3Kδ inhibitor

    GS-9901 is a highly selective and orally active PI3Kδ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1 nM. Has potential to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
  19. PI3Kα/β/δ Inhibitor

    BAY1082439 is a selective inhibitor of the PI3Kα, β, and δ isoforms, demonstrating oral bioavailability. This compound effectively inhibits both wild-type and mutated forms of PIK3CA, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Notably, BAY1082439 has shown significant efficacy in suppressing the growth of Pten-null prostate cancer, highlighting its potential in therapeutic applications targeting specific tumors.
  20. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-9 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, exhibiting an IC50 of 4.4 nM while demonstrating lesser potency against PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 128, 146, and 153 nM, respectively. This compound is notable for its long-acting oral activity and ability to induce apoptosis alongside antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. PI3Kα-IN-9 serves as a valuable reagent for cancer research, particularly in studies focused on PI3K signaling pathways.
  21. PI3K/AKT/ERK/CREB Activator

    PI3K/AKT/ERK/CREB Activator 1 is a small molecule that stimulates the PI3K/AKT/ERK/CREB signaling pathway. It enhances neuronal survival and proliferation, promoting the viability of damaged neurons and facilitating synapse formation. This compound also reduces neuroinflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and it has shown potential in preserving synaptic structure and improving spatial memory in Alzheimer's disease models. PI3K/AKT/ERK/CREB Activator 1 is a valuable tool for research focused on neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
  22. PI3k/Akt/mTOR Inhibitor

    D-87503 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, exhibiting IC50 values of 62 nM for PI3K and 0.76 μM for Erk2. This compound effectively attenuates the activity of downstream substrates, including Akt and Rsk1, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular processes regulated by this pathway. D-87503 has applications in cancer research and investigates the role of PI3K signaling in various physiological conditions.
  23. PI3Kδ/CK1ε Inhibitor

    Umbralisib tosylate is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1-ε (CK1ε), exhibiting an EC50 of 22.2 nM and 6.0 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates significant immunomodulatory effects on T cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Umbralisib tosylate is primarily utilized in research focused on hematological malignancies to elucidate its therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action.
  24. PI3Kδ/CK1ε Inhibitor

    Umbralisib sulfate is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1-ε (CK1ε), with EC50 values of 22.2 nM and 6.0 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates notable immunomodulatory effects on T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Umbralisib sulfate is a valuable tool for research into hematological malignancies, facilitating studies on cell signaling pathways and potential therapeutic strategies.
  25. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor

    Dactolisib hydrochloride is a potent dual inhibitor of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically targeting p110α, p110γ, p110δ, and p110β with IC50 values of 4 nM, 5 nM, 7 nM, 75 nM, and 20.7 nM, respectively. This compound effectively inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, making it a valuable tool for studying the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. Its applications include cancer research, drug development, and exploring therapeutic strategies for various diseases associated with dysregulated PI3K/mTOR signaling.
  26. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-14 is a selective inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) isoform, demonstrating a potent IC50 value of 0.14 nM. This compound effectively reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and initiating apoptosis in U87-MG glioma cells. PI3Kα-IN-14 exhibits significant anti-proliferative effects across a range of tumor-derived cell lines, including PC-3 (IC50 of 0.28 μM), HCT-116 (IC50 of 0.57 μM), and U87-MG (IC50 of 1.37 μM), making it a valuable tool in cancer research and therapeutic studies targeting PI3K signaling pathways.
  27. PI3K Inhibitor

    TYM-3-98 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ, demonstrating an IC50 of 7.1 nM. This compound effectively inhibits the proliferation of B-lymphoma cells and disrupts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to the induction of apoptosis. Additionally, TYM-3-98 shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties and exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse and rat models, while exhibiting minimal toxicity.
  28. PI3Kα Inhibtor

    PI3Kα-IN-8 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.012 μM. This compound increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, and effectively induces apoptosis. It is valuable in research applications focused on cancer biology and therapeutics targeting the PI3K signaling pathway.
  29. PI3K/VEGFR2 Inhibitor

    PI3K/VEGFR2-IN-1 is a highly effective dual inhibitor of PI3K and VEGFR2, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.21 μM and 68 μM, respectively. This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. It is suitable for research applications focused on cancer biology and therapy development targeting the PI3K/VEGFR2 signaling pathways.
  30. PI3K Inhibitor

    PIK-C98 is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), exhibiting IC50 values of 0.59, 1.64, 3.65, and 0.74 μM for the α, β, δ, and γ isoforms, respectively. This compound effectively inhibits all class I PI3Ks while leaving AKT and mTOR activity unaffected. PIK-C98 operates by disrupting the ATP-binding sites of PI3Ks, forming hydrogen bonds and arene-H interactions with target amino acid residues. Its capacity to induce apoptosis via PI3K inhibition makes PIK-C98 a valuable tool for research into multiple myeloma and other related conditions.
  31. PI3K Inhibitor

    Ramentaceone (7-Methyljuglon) is a naphthoquinone that selectively inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. This compound effectively reduces PI3K protein expression and decreases Akt protein phosphorylation in breast cancer cells, thereby inducing apoptosis. Ramentaceone's mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
  32. PI3K/EGFR Inhibitor

    MTX-216 is a dual ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting PI3K and EGFR. It effectively cosuppresses Ki-67 and phosphorylation of ribosomal S6, leading to apoptosis in NF1LOF cells. Additionally, MTX-216 inhibits SYK kinase activity with an IC50 of 281 nM. This compound is primarily utilized in research related to melanoma.
  33. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI3K-IN-34 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), specifically demonstrating IC50 values of 11.73 μM for PI3K-α, 6.09 μM for PI3K-β, and 11.18 μM for PI3K-δ. This compound effectively induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptotic pathways in targeted cells. PI3K-IN-34 is particularly useful in preclinical studies involving leukemia, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for this malignancy.
  34. Estrogen Receptor Agonist, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blocker, PI3K-AKT/JNK Signaling Modulator,

    Propylparaben sodium acts as a weak estrogen receptor agonist and serves as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, while also modulating the PI3K-AKT and JNK signaling pathways. It is known to induce oxidative stress, affecting the estrous cycle and hormone levels, as well as ovarian reserve function. Propylparaben sodium can inhibit the growth of antral follicles and influence the accumulation of steroid hormones in follicle culture media. This compound is suitable for research related to ovarian aging and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  35. PI3Kδ/γ Inhibitor

    PI3Kδ/γ-IN-3 is a potent dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, with IC50 values of 1 nM and 16 nM, respectively. This compound effectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells, making it a valuable tool for research in B-cell malignancies. Its oral bioavailability further enhances its utility in preclinical studies aimed at understanding and targeting these pathways in cancer therapy.
  36. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-7 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kα isoform, with additional inhibitory effects on PI3Kβ. This compound is known to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells, leading to the induction of apoptosis. It is valuable for research applications focused on cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K signaling pathway.
  37. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI3K-IN-35 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) with IC50 values of 13.98, 7.22, and 10.94 μM for PI3K-α, PI3K-β, and PI3K-δ, respectively. This compound effectively induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promotes apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for studies in leukemia research. Investigators can utilize PI3K-IN-35 to explore the role of PI3K signaling in cancer progression and therapeutic responses.
  38. PI3K/HDAC Inhibitor

    Fimepinostat mesylate is a potent dual inhibitor targeting class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). It exhibits IC50 values of 19 nM for PI3Kα, 54 nM for PI3Kβ, 39 nM for PI3Kδ, and 1.7 nM for HDAC1, 5.0 nM for HDAC2, 1.8 nM for HDAC3, and 2.8 nM for HDAC10. This compound is valuable for research applications focusing on cancer biology, epigenetic regulation, and cellular signaling pathways.
  39. PI3Kδ Inhibitor

    WNY1613 is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) featuring a piperazinone-containing purine scaffold. This compound effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits the phosphorylation of downstream components of the PI3K signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. WNY1613 demonstrates significant anti-NHL activity both in vitro and in vivo, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic investigations.
  40. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    XJTU-L453 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.4 nM. It effectively suppresses the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines, T47D and MCF7, with IC50 values of 0.2 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. By inhibiting the PI3K pathway, XJTU-L453 induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis, demonstrating significant antitumor activity in MCF7 xenograft models. This compound is valuable for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K signaling pathway.
  41. PI3K-α Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-27 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3K-α enzyme, exhibiting an IC50 value of 40 nM. This compound effectively targets and inhibits key signaling proteins, including PAK3, p110α, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-ERK1/2, leading to the induction of early apoptosis. Its significant anticancer activity has been demonstrated in various cancer models, including pancreatic, lung, and breast cancers, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and targeted therapies.
  42. PI3Kδ/CSF1R Inhibitor

    JMC14 is a selective PI3Kδ and CSF1R inhibitor, exhibiting IC50 values of 12 nM and 143 nM, respectively. This compound preferentially disrupts PI3Kδ-mediated signaling within cells, demonstrating significant antitumor activity against B-cell lymphomas and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in both in vitro and in vivo models. JMC14 is an important tool for research into antitumor immunity and the mechanisms of cancer progression.
  43. PI3K Inhibitor

    AS-605240 is an orally active inhibitor of PI3-kinase γ that inhibits human recombinant PI3Kγ, α, β, and δ in an ATP-competitive manner with IC50 values of 8, 60, 270, and 300 nM, respectively.
  44. PI3K Inhibitor

    IC-87114 was the first isoform-selective PI3K inhibitor :p110M-NM-4(IC50 = 0.13 M-BM-5M) vs. p110M-NM-1(IC50 = 200 M-BM-5M), p110M-NM-2(IC50 = 16 M-BM-5M) and p110M-NM-3(IC50 = 61 M-BM-5M).
  45. PI3K inhibitor

    PIK-293 is a PI3-K inhibitor. PIK-293 inhibits the p110α, p110β, p110δ. PIK-293 is the parent compound of PIK-294.
  46. PI3K inhibitor

    PIK-294 is a PI3 Kinase inhibitor that is 20- to 60-fold more potent than the parent compound, PIK-293. It is one of the most potent p110δ-selective inhibitors that has been reported.
  47. PI3K Inhibitor

    PIK-90 is a synthetic phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with IC50 values (nM) of 11, 350, 18, and 58 for p110 α, β, γ and δ isoforms, low mTOR activity.
  48. MAO-B inhibitor

    Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.
  49. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    Desmethyl-VS-5584 is a demethyl analogue of VS-5584, which is a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.
  50. PI3K Inhibitor

    TG100-115 inhibits PI3K γ and -δ(IC50 values of 83 and 235 nM, respectively).

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