Natural Products

Gramine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. It is used mostly in synthetic organic chemistry as a starting material for tryptophan syntheses.

Gynostemma Extract is a saponins extract derived from the Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The increase of SGOT, SGPT activities in CCl4 liver injury were significantly reduced by treatment with Gypenoside. It also elevated the A/G ratio.

Haematoxylin is extracted from the heartwood of the logwood tree.When oxidized it forms haematein, a compound that forms strongly coloured complexes with certain metal ions, the most notable ones being Fe(III) and Al(III) salts. Metal-haematein complexes are used to stain cell nuclei prior to examination under a microscope.

Hesperetin, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor, is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, ?€?Chen Pi.?€? Hesperetin is a citrus flavonoid that has been reported to lower plasma cholesterol. Hesperetin reduces the transcription of ACAT-2 mRNA in Hep-G2 cells and reduces ApoB protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. It also is a potential therapy for carcinoid cancer.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits.

Hordenine is a phenethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties.

Hyodeoxycholic (HDCA) acid is a secondary bile acid, one of the metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria.

Icariin is inhibitory to all three PDE5 isoforms that inhibits PDE5A1, A2, and A3 with an IC50 value of 1.0, 0.75, and 1.1 microM, respectively.

Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, is a potent cyclin-dependent kinases and GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of about 5 μM and 0.6 μM.

Indole-3-carbinol is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables.

Kaempferol is found to inhibit bovine aorta myosin light chain kinase with a Ki of 0.3-0.5 microM and also is found to inhibit VEGF expression and in vitro angiogenesis through a novel ERK-NFκB-cMyc-p21 pathway.

Kinetin is a kind of cytokinin, a class of plant hormone that promotes cell division.

L(+)-Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose.

Lappaconite Hydrobromide is a kind of alkaloid extracted from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone.

Luteolin is a PDE4 inhibitor, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and an interleukin 6 inhibitor, affecting xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Luteolin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, and is one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property.

Magnolol (2,2'-Bichavicol) is a bioactive compound found in the bark of the Houpu magnolia (Magnolia officinalis).

Matrine((+)-Matrine) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora family. It has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer effects, and action as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.

Morin hydrate is a chemical compound. Morin can be used to test for the presence of aluminum or tin in a solution, since it forms characteristically fluorescent coordination complexes with them.

Myricetin (Cannabiscetin) is a naturally occurring flavonol, a flavonoid found in many grapes, berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, as well as other plants.

Myricitrin is the 3-O-rhamnoside of myricetin. Myricitrin is used by several beetle species in their communication system.

Naringenin is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid, that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, and immune system modulator.

Naringin (Naringoside) is a flavanone glycoside and is a major flavonoid in grapefruit and gives the grapefruit juice its bitter taste.

Naringin Dihydrochalcone(Naringin DC) is a new-style sweetening agent and an artificial sweetener derived from naringin.

Flavanone glycoside with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Does not inhibit oral carcinogenesis in a rat model unlike other citrus flavanones, but does exert a protective effect against gastritis and gastric lesions.

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) is a flavonoid sweetening agent with potent antioxidant activity.

Nobiletin is a chemical compound. It is an O-methylated flavone, a flavonoid isolated from citrus peels like in tangerine. Nobiletin was found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor invasion, proliferation, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Nobiletin was also found to potentially inhibit cartilage degradation.

Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid, widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, related to betulinic acid. It is relatively non-toxic, antitumor, and hepatoprotective, as well as exhibiting antiviral properties.

Oridonin (Isodonol), an entkaurane diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, is an important traditional Chinese herbal remedy.

Orotic acid(6-Carboxyuracil) is a heterocyclic compound and an acid.

Osthole(Osthol) is a type of coumarin.

Oxymatrine (Matrine N-oxide) is one of components of the root of Sophora flavescens.

Paeonol (Peonol) is a major component extracted from Chinese herbs moutan cortex and Cynanchum paniculatum .

Palmatine chloride is a protoberberine alkaloid that is isolated from medicinal herbs like Coptis chinensis Franch.

Parthenolide ((-)-Parthenolide) is a sesquiterpene lactone which occurs naturally in the plant feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).

Phloretin inhibits the active transport of glucose into cells by SGLT1 and SGLT2, though the inhibition is weaker than by its glycoside phlorizin.

Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2; this reduces renal glucose transport, lowering the amount of glucose in the blood.

Piperine (1-Piperoylpiperidine) is the alkaloid responsible for the pungency of black pepper and long pepper, along with chavicine (an isomer of piperine). It has also been used in some forms of traditional medicine and as an insecticide.

Polydatin protects cerebral cells from ischemic damages via improvement of microcirculation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. In addition, polydatin inhibits ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide; it also attenuates adhesion between white blood cells and endothelial cells.

Puerarin is one of several known isoflavones. Puerarin is a 5-HT2C receptor and benzodiazepine site antagonist. Puerarin is being investigated as a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.

Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.

Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.

Rhein is a substance in the anthraquinone group found in rhubarb species like Rheum undulatum or Rheum palmatum or in Cassia reticulata.

Rheochrysidin is one of the major components of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction used in the treatment of inflammation.

Rutaecarpine is an indolopyridoquinazolinone alkaloid isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa and related herbs, which has shown a variety of intriguing biological properties such as anti-thrombotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-obesity and thermoregulatory, vasorelaxing activity, as well as effects on the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.

Rutin is one of the phenolic compounds found in the invasive plant species Carpobrotus edulis and contributes to the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the plant

Salicin(Salicoside, Salicine) is an alcoholic β-glycoside that contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced from willow bark. Salicin is closely related in chemical make-up to aspirin. When consumed, it is metabolized to salicylic acid.

Salidroside (Rhodioloside) is a glucoside of tyrosol found in the plant Rhodiola rosea. It is thought to be one of the compounds responsible for the antidepressant and anxiolytic actions of this plant, along with rosavin.

Sclareol is a fragrant chemical compound found in clary sage (Salvia sclarea), from which it derives its name. It is classified as a bicyclic diterpene alcohol. Sclareol is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and perfumes and as flavoring in food. Sclareol and other similar substances may be prepared from sclareolide.Sclareol is also able to kill human leukemic cells and colon cancer cells by apoptosis.

Sclareolide (Norambreinolide) is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product .