PI3K

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂) to generate the second messenger phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P₃). The production of PI(3,4,5)P₃ facilitates the recruitment and activation of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain–containing proteins at the plasma membrane, thereby initiating downstream signaling cascades essential for cellular proliferation, survival, and migration.

PI3Ks are divided into three major classes, among which Class I PI3Ks are most prominently implicated in cancer biology. Class I enzymes comprise four distinct catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ.

Class IA PI3Ks, the subclass most commonly associated with oncogenic signaling, function as heterodimeric lipid kinases composed of a catalytic p110 subunit (p110α, p110β, or p110δ, encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD, respectively) and a regulatory p85 subunit.

The PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in diverse biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cellular growth, survival, actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, migration, and intracellular vesicular trafficking.

Frequently Asked Questions
What is PI3K?
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol lipids to regulate cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immune signaling. PI3K activation leads to downstream AKT and mTOR pathway signaling. Aberrant PI3K signaling is frequently observed in cancer due to PIK3CA mutations, PTEN loss, or receptor tyrosine kinase activation.
What are the different PI3K isoforms?
Class I PI3Ks include four catalytic isoforms: PI3Kα (PIK3CA) PI3Kβ (PIK3CB) PI3Kδ (PIK3CD) PI3Kγ (PIK3CG) PI3Kα and β are broadly expressed, while PI3Kδ and γ are enriched in leukocytes and play critical roles in immune regulation. Isoform selectivity is an important consideration in drug development due to toxicity and immune effects.
What are the major types of PI3K inhibitors?
PI3K inhibitors can be classified as: Pan-PI3K inhibitors Isoform-selective inhibitors (α, β, δ, γ) Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors Irreversible inhibitors Selectivity influences therapeutic window and toxicity profile.
How do PI3K inhibitors differ from mTOR inhibitors?
While PI3K inhibitors block upstream lipid kinase activity, mTOR inhibitors act downstream at the level of mTORC1 or mTORC2. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors target both nodes of the pathway and may achieve broader pathway suppression.
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  1. PI3Kδ inhibitor

    PI3kδ inhibitor 1 is a potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.8 nM.
  2. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    GNE-477 is a potent and efficacious dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM for PI3Kα, Kiapp is 21 nM for mTOR.
  3. PI3K/Akt inhibitor

    Miltefosine inhibits PI3K/Akt activity with ED50 of 17.2 μM and 8.1 μM in carcinoma cell lines A431 and HeLa
  4. PI3K inhibitor

    (Rac)-AZD8186 is and inhibitor of the beta isoform of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), with potential antineoplastic activity.

  5. PI3K inhibitor

    Panulisib is a potent and selective imidazoquinoline based PI3K inhibitor with potential anticancer activity.
  6. Dual Pan PI3k/mTOR inhibitor

    GNE-493 is potent, selective, and orally available pan-PI3-kinase and dual pan-PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor with potential anticancer activity.
  7. PI3Kδ Inhibitor

    Acalisib is an inhibitor of the beta and delta isoforms of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class IA phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities.
  8. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor

    FD274 is a potent dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.65 nM for PI3Kα, 1.57 nM for PI3Kβ, 0.65 nM for PI3Kγ, 0.42 nM for PI3Kδ, and 2.03 nM for mTOR. This compound demonstrates significant anti-proliferative effects on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, specifically HL-60 and MOLM-16, inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis. In vivo studies reveal dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in HL-60 xenograft models, making FD274 a valuable tool for research into acute myeloid leukemia therapies.
  9. PARP/PI3K Inhibitor

    PARP/PI3K-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of both PARP and PI3K, exhibiting pIC50 values of 8.22 for PARP-1, 8.44 for PARP-2, and varying activity against PI3K isoforms with values of 8.25 for PI3Kα, 6.54 for PI3Kβ, 8.13 for PI3Kδ, and 6.08 for PI3Kγ. This compound demonstrates significant anticancer activity and is suitable for research applications targeting a variety of oncological disorders. Its dual inhibition may provide insights into therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
  10. PI3Kδ Inhibitor

    PI3Kδ-IN-16 is a highly selective inhibitor of the PI3Kδ isoform, displaying an impressive IC50 value of 0.9 nM. This compound exhibits significant anti-proliferative effects on SU-DHL-6 cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. PI3Kδ-IN-16 demonstrates substantial selectivity for PI3Kδ over other isoforms, with a kinase activity that is approximately 378-fold greater than PI3Kα, 412-fold greater than PI3Kβ, and 10-fold greater than PI3Kγ. It is a valuable tool for research into hematologic malignancies and the therapeutic targeting of PI3Kδ.
  11. PI3Kα/mTOR Inhibitor

    PWT-33597 free base is a dual inhibitor targeting PI3Kα and mTOR, effectively disrupting downstream signaling pathways associated with cell growth and metabolism. This compound induces apoptosis in tumor cells and demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tumor proliferation. PWT-33597 free base is applicable in research focused on various tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, making it a valuable tool for cancer studies.
  12. PI3Kα/mTOR Inhibitor

    PWT-33597 is a potent dual inhibitor of PI3Kα and mTOR, effectively disrupting downstream signaling pathways associated with cell growth and survival. This reagent induces apoptosis in tumor cells and demonstrates significant anti-tumor activity. PWT-33597 is a valuable tool for research into various malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma, providing insights into tumor biology and therapeutic strategies.
  13. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-6 is a selective inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) pathway. This compound demonstrates significant anticancer activity by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and subsequently inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. PI3Kα-IN-6 is valuable for research focused on cancer therapeutics and the exploration of PI3K signaling in cell survival and proliferation.
  14. PI3K Inhibitor

    Copanlisib dihydrochloride is a potent, selective pan-class I PI3K inhibitor that acts through ATP-competitive mechanisms. It exhibits remarkable inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.5 nM, 0.7 nM, 3.7 nM, and 6.4 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kγ, respectively, demonstrating over 2,000-fold selectivity against other lipid and protein kinases, except for mTOR. This compound has been shown to possess significant antitumor activity, making it a valuable reagent for cancer research and therapeutic development focusing on the PI3K pathway.
  15. PI3k/Akt/mTOR Inhibitor

    D-87503 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, exhibiting IC50 values of 62 nM for PI3K and 0.76 μM for Erk2. This compound effectively attenuates the activity of downstream substrates, including Akt and Rsk1, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular processes regulated by this pathway. D-87503 has applications in cancer research and investigates the role of PI3K signaling in various physiological conditions.
  16. PI3Kδ/CK1ε Inhibitor

    Umbralisib tosylate is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1-ε (CK1ε), exhibiting an EC50 of 22.2 nM and 6.0 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates significant immunomodulatory effects on T cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Umbralisib tosylate is primarily utilized in research focused on hematological malignancies to elucidate its therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action.
  17. PI3Kδ/CK1ε Inhibitor

    Umbralisib sulfate is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1-ε (CK1ε), with EC50 values of 22.2 nM and 6.0 μM, respectively. This compound demonstrates notable immunomodulatory effects on T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Umbralisib sulfate is a valuable tool for research into hematological malignancies, facilitating studies on cell signaling pathways and potential therapeutic strategies.
  18. PI3Kδ Inhibitor

    FD223 is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ), demonstrating an IC50 of 1 nM. It shows significant selectivity over other isoforms, with IC50 values of 51 nM, 29 nM, and 37 nM for α, β, and γ, respectively. FD223 effectively inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines by suppressing p-AKT Ser473, leading to G1 phase arrest in the cell cycle. This compound holds potential for research into leukemia, particularly AML.
  19. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-14 is a selective inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) isoform, demonstrating a potent IC50 value of 0.14 nM. This compound effectively reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and initiating apoptosis in U87-MG glioma cells. PI3Kα-IN-14 exhibits significant anti-proliferative effects across a range of tumor-derived cell lines, including PC-3 (IC50 of 0.28 μM), HCT-116 (IC50 of 0.57 μM), and U87-MG (IC50 of 1.37 μM), making it a valuable tool in cancer research and therapeutic studies targeting PI3K signaling pathways.
  20. PI3K Inhibitor

    TYM-3-98 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ, demonstrating an IC50 of 7.1 nM. This compound effectively inhibits the proliferation of B-lymphoma cells and disrupts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to the induction of apoptosis. Additionally, TYM-3-98 shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties and exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse and rat models, while exhibiting minimal toxicity.
  21. PI3K/VEGFR2 Inhibitor

    PI3K/VEGFR2-IN-1 is a highly effective dual inhibitor of PI3K and VEGFR2, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.21 μM and 68 μM, respectively. This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. It is suitable for research applications focused on cancer biology and therapy development targeting the PI3K/VEGFR2 signaling pathways.
  22. PI3K Inhibitor

    PIK-C98 is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), exhibiting IC50 values of 0.59, 1.64, 3.65, and 0.74 μM for the α, β, δ, and γ isoforms, respectively. This compound effectively inhibits all class I PI3Ks while leaving AKT and mTOR activity unaffected. PIK-C98 operates by disrupting the ATP-binding sites of PI3Ks, forming hydrogen bonds and arene-H interactions with target amino acid residues. Its capacity to induce apoptosis via PI3K inhibition makes PIK-C98 a valuable tool for research into multiple myeloma and other related conditions.
  23. PI3K Inhibitor

    Ramentaceone (7-Methyljuglon) is a naphthoquinone that selectively inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. This compound effectively reduces PI3K protein expression and decreases Akt protein phosphorylation in breast cancer cells, thereby inducing apoptosis. Ramentaceone's mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
  24. PI3K/EGFR Inhibitor

    MTX-216 is a dual ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting PI3K and EGFR. It effectively cosuppresses Ki-67 and phosphorylation of ribosomal S6, leading to apoptosis in NF1LOF cells. Additionally, MTX-216 inhibits SYK kinase activity with an IC50 of 281 nM. This compound is primarily utilized in research related to melanoma.
  25. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI3K-IN-34 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), specifically demonstrating IC50 values of 11.73 μM for PI3K-α, 6.09 μM for PI3K-β, and 11.18 μM for PI3K-δ. This compound effectively induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptotic pathways in targeted cells. PI3K-IN-34 is particularly useful in preclinical studies involving leukemia, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for this malignancy.
  26. PI3Kδ/γ Inhibitor

    PI3Kδ/γ-IN-3 is a potent dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, with IC50 values of 1 nM and 16 nM, respectively. This compound effectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells, making it a valuable tool for research in B-cell malignancies. Its oral bioavailability further enhances its utility in preclinical studies aimed at understanding and targeting these pathways in cancer therapy.
  27. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-7 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kα isoform, with additional inhibitory effects on PI3Kβ. This compound is known to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells, leading to the induction of apoptosis. It is valuable for research applications focused on cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K signaling pathway.
  28. PI3K Inhibitor

    PI3K-IN-35 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) with IC50 values of 13.98, 7.22, and 10.94 μM for PI3K-α, PI3K-β, and PI3K-δ, respectively. This compound effectively induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promotes apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for studies in leukemia research. Investigators can utilize PI3K-IN-35 to explore the role of PI3K signaling in cancer progression and therapeutic responses.
  29. PI3K/HDAC Inhibitor

    Fimepinostat mesylate is a potent dual inhibitor targeting class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). It exhibits IC50 values of 19 nM for PI3Kα, 54 nM for PI3Kβ, 39 nM for PI3Kδ, and 1.7 nM for HDAC1, 5.0 nM for HDAC2, 1.8 nM for HDAC3, and 2.8 nM for HDAC10. This compound is valuable for research applications focusing on cancer biology, epigenetic regulation, and cellular signaling pathways.
  30. PI3Kδ Inhibitor

    WNY1613 is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) featuring a piperazinone-containing purine scaffold. This compound effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits the phosphorylation of downstream components of the PI3K signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. WNY1613 demonstrates significant anti-NHL activity both in vitro and in vivo, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic investigations.
  31. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    XJTU-L453 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.4 nM. It effectively suppresses the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines, T47D and MCF7, with IC50 values of 0.2 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. By inhibiting the PI3K pathway, XJTU-L453 induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis, demonstrating significant antitumor activity in MCF7 xenograft models. This compound is valuable for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development targeting the PI3K signaling pathway.
  32. PI3K-α Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-27 is a potent inhibitor of the PI3K-α enzyme, exhibiting an IC50 value of 40 nM. This compound effectively targets and inhibits key signaling proteins, including PAK3, p110α, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-ERK1/2, leading to the induction of early apoptosis. Its significant anticancer activity has been demonstrated in various cancer models, including pancreatic, lung, and breast cancers, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and targeted therapies.
  33. PI3Kδ/CSF1R Inhibitor

    JMC14 is a selective PI3Kδ and CSF1R inhibitor, exhibiting IC50 values of 12 nM and 143 nM, respectively. This compound preferentially disrupts PI3Kδ-mediated signaling within cells, demonstrating significant antitumor activity against B-cell lymphomas and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in both in vitro and in vivo models. JMC14 is an important tool for research into antitumor immunity and the mechanisms of cancer progression.
  34. PI3Kα Inhibitor

    PI3Kα-IN-9 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, exhibiting an IC50 of 4.4 nM while demonstrating lesser potency against PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 128, 146, and 153 nM, respectively. This compound is notable for its long-acting oral activity and ability to induce apoptosis alongside antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. PI3Kα-IN-9 serves as a valuable reagent for cancer research, particularly in studies focused on PI3K signaling pathways.
  35. PI3Kα/β/δ Inhibitor

    BAY1082439 is a selective inhibitor of the PI3Kα, β, and δ isoforms, demonstrating oral bioavailability. This compound effectively inhibits both wild-type and mutated forms of PIK3CA, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Notably, BAY1082439 has shown significant efficacy in suppressing the growth of Pten-null prostate cancer, highlighting its potential in therapeutic applications targeting specific tumors.
  36. PI3K Inhibitor

    AS-605240 is an orally active inhibitor of PI3-kinase γ that inhibits human recombinant PI3Kγ, α, β, and δ in an ATP-competitive manner with IC50 values of 8, 60, 270, and 300 nM, respectively.
  37. PI3K Inhibitor

    IC-87114 was the first isoform-selective PI3K inhibitor :p110M-NM-4(IC50 = 0.13 M-BM-5M) vs. p110M-NM-1(IC50 = 200 M-BM-5M), p110M-NM-2(IC50 = 16 M-BM-5M) and p110M-NM-3(IC50 = 61 M-BM-5M).
  38. PI3K inhibitor

    PIK-293 is a PI3-K inhibitor. PIK-293 inhibits the p110α, p110β, p110δ. PIK-293 is the parent compound of PIK-294.
  39. PI3K inhibitor

    PIK-294 is a PI3 Kinase inhibitor that is 20- to 60-fold more potent than the parent compound, PIK-293. It is one of the most potent p110δ-selective inhibitors that has been reported.
  40. PI3K Inhibitor

    PIK-90 is a synthetic phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with IC50 values (nM) of 11, 350, 18, and 58 for p110 α, β, γ and δ isoforms, low mTOR activity.
  41. MAO-B inhibitor

    Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.
  42. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

    Desmethyl-VS-5584 is a demethyl analogue of VS-5584, which is a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.
  43. PI3K Inhibitor

    TG100-115 inhibits PI3K γ and -δ(IC50 values of 83 and 235 nM, respectively).
  44. PI3K inhibitor

    XL765 is a PI3K/mTOR dual kinase inhibitor and it is more potent compared to an agent that inhibits either PI3K kinase or mTOR kinase alone.
  45. mTOR/PI3K Inhibitor,

    GSK2126458 is a highly potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of PI3Kα and mTOR with in vivo activity in both pharmacodynamic and tumor growth efficacy models.
  46. PI3K inhibitor

    PKI-402 is a dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor.
  47. PI3K inhibitor

    AS-252424 is a potent inhibitor of PI3K with selectivity for the γ isoform. It inhibits human recombinant PI3Kγ, α, β, and δ with IC50 values of 30, 940, 20,000, and 20,000 nM respectively.
  48. p110β inhibitor

    Rac)-AZD 6482 ((Rac)-KIN-193) is a less active racemate of AZD 6482. AZD 6482 is a potent and selective p110β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
  49. PI3K β/δ inhibitor

    PI3K-IN-6 (compound 20a) is an oral active and highly selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) β/δ inhibitor, with IC50 values of 7.8 nM/5.3 nM for PI3K β/δ, respectively.
  50. PI3Kδ inhibitor

    LAS191954 is a potent, selective and orally active PI3Kδ inhibitor for inflammatory diseases treatment, with an IC50 of 2.6 nM.

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