Small molecules play a pivotal role in Endocrinology Research. These are low molecular weight compounds that have a significant impact on the endocrine system, hormones, and their receptors. Here are some key aspects of how small molecules are involved in this field:
Hormone Mimetics and Inhibitors: Small molecules are used to develop synthetic compounds that mimic the actions of hormones or inhibit their effects. For example, drugs like metformin for diabetes management and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for breast cancer treatment are used to either mimic or block hormonal activity.
Receptor Modulation: Small molecules can bind to hormone receptors and modulate their activity. This is crucial in developing drugs that target specific hormone receptors, like the use of small molecule agonists and antagonists to regulate thyroid hormone receptors.
Metabolism Regulation: Endocrinology research often focuses on metabolism and how hormones like insulin regulate it. Small molecules are employed to understand and develop drugs targeting enzymes involved in metabolism, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists for diabetes treatment.
Steroid Hormone Production: Small molecules may be utilized to influence the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal glands or gonads. This is essential for conditions like Cushing's syndrome or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Hormone Assays: In laboratory research, small molecules are used as tracers or markers in hormone assays. For instance, small molecule fluorophores can be attached to antibodies to detect hormone levels in blood samples.
Drug Development: Endocrinology research relies on small molecules as potential drug candidates. Researchers design and test small molecules for their effectiveness in modulating hormonal pathways, with the goal of developing new therapies for endocrine disorders. In summary, small molecules are indispensable tools in Endocrinology Research, enabling scientists to better understand the endocrine system's intricacies and develop novel treatments for a wide range of hormonal disorders and conditions. Their versatility and specificity make them valuable assets in advancing our knowledge of endocrinology and improving patient care.
PROTAC ERRα Degrader-1 comprises a MDM2 ligand binding group, a linker and an estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa) binding group. PROTAC ERRα Degrader-1 is an estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa) degrader.
AZD2906 is a selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, increases micronucleated immature erythrocytes in the bone marrow of rats. AZD2906 shows IC50s of 2.2, 0.3, 41.6 and 7.5 nM at GR in human, rat PBMC and human, rat whole blood, respectively.
PROTAC ERRα ligand 2 is an estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) inverse agonist with an IC50 of 5.67 nM. PROTAC ERRα ligand 2 (IC50=5.67 nM) displays a ~11-fold improved potency than XCT790 (IC50=61.3 nM).
Asoprisnil (J867), a selective progesterone receptor modulator, exhibits mixed progesterone agonist and antagonist effects on various progesterone targeted tissues in animal and human.
Apelin agonist 1 is an oral selective apelin agonist AM-2995, a agonist of the APJ (APLNR, angiotensin receptor like-1) receptor, may be used in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions.
S18-000003 is a potent orally bioavailable retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma-t (RORγt) inhibitor with an IC50 of 29 nM. S18-000003 inhibits IL-17 production.
3,5-Diiodothyropropionic acid is a thyroid hormone analog, induces α-myosin heavy chain mRNA expression, binds to thyroid hormone receptor (TR), with Ka of 2.40 and 4.06 M-1 for TRα1 and TRβ1, respectively.
Nomegestrol is a potent and orally available progestin, acts as a selective full progesterone receptor agonist, with a Kd of 5.44 nM for rat uterine progesterone receptor, and has moderate antiandrogenic activity and strong antiestrogenic activity.
GSK5182 is a highly selective inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) with an IC50 of 79 nM and does not interact with other nuclear receptors, including ERRα or ERα.
ML221 is a potent apelin (APJ) functional antagonist, inhibiting apelin-13-mediated activation of APJ, with IC50s of 0.70 μM in the cAMP assay, and 1.75 μM in the β-arrestin assay, and EC80 of 10 nM in both assays.
Apararenone (MT-3995) is a novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists under development for the treatment of diabetic nephropathies and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-Chromanol (PMC) is the anti-oxidant moiety of vitamin E (α-tocopherol). 2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-Chromanol has potent androgen receptor (AR) signaling modulation and anti-cancer activity against prostate cancer cell lines.
PF-06747711 is a potent, selective, and orally active retinoic acid receptor-related orphan C2 (RORC2, also known as RORγt) inverse agonist, with an IC50 of 4.1 nM. Anti-skin inflammatory activity.
Androstanolone acetate is an androgen ligand, which targets androgen receptor (AR). Androstanolone acetate binds to cIAP1 ligand Bestatin via a linker to form PROTACs.
Estrone-N-O-C1-amido (ERα ligand 1) is an Estrone-based estrogen ligand, which targets estrogen receptor α (ERα). Estrone-N-O-C1-amido (ERα ligand 1) binds to cIAP1 ligand Bestatin via a linker to form SNIPER.
ACP-105 is an orally available, selective amd potent androgen receptor modulator (SARM), with pEC50s of 9.0 and 9.3 for AR wild type and T877A mutant, respectively.
Smurf1-IN-A01 (A01) is an ubiquitin ligase Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor-1 (Smurf1) inhibitor with a kd of 3.664 nM, which increases BMP-2 responsiveness by inhibiting Smurf1-mediated Smad1/5 degradation.
AZ-1355 is an effctive lipid-lowering compound, which also inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo and elevates the prostaglandin I2/thromboxane A2 ratio in vitro.
Leelamine hydrochloride is a tricyclic diterpene molecule that is extracted from the bark of pine trees. Leelamine hydrochloride is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) agonist and a inhibitor of SREBP1-regulated fatty acid/lipid synthesis in prostate cancer cells that is not affected by androgen receptor status.
