Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-PEG3-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the cereblon ligand derived from Pomalidomide with a three-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker, essential for PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras) technology. This compound serves as a versatile click chemistry reagent, featuring an azide group that facilitates copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with alkyne-containing molecules. Additionally, it enables strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with DBCO or BCN functionalized compounds. Its unique properties make it valuable for targeted protein degradation research and related applications in chemical biology. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-PEG4-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that features the Pomalidomide-based cereblon ligand, combined with a PEG4 linker for use in PROTAC technology. This compound serves as a versatile click chemistry reagent, capable of participating in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions with alkynyl-containing molecules, as well as enabling strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with DBCO or BCN groups. It is primarily utilized in the development of targeted protein degradation strategies and other bioconjugation applications. -
IAP Ligand
A 410099.1, amine-Boc hydrochloride, serves as a functionalized inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) ligand. This compound is instrumental in the synthesis of PROTACs, particularly those targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), exemplified by PROTACs 4 and 5. It is a valuable tool for researchers exploring targeted protein degradation and its applications in therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
VH032-PEG3-acetylene is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that integrates the VH032-based VHL ligand with a PEG3 linker, suitable for use in PROTAC technology. This compound features an alkyne group, allowing it to participate in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with azide-functionalized molecules. Its design facilitates the development of bifunctional molecules for targeted protein degradation studies and other applications in chemical biology research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-amido-C7-acid is a potent ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeting the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL. It serves as a critical component in the development of PROTACs (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras), facilitating targeted protein degradation. This reagent supports the design and synthesis of PROTACs for various research applications, including protein regulation and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide 4'-PEG3-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the cereblon ligand derived from Pomalidomide with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound plays a crucial role in the synthesis of iRucaparib-TP3, a potent PARP1 degrader utilizing the PROTAC strategy. Pomalidomide 4'-PEG3-azide serves as a versatile click chemistry reagent, featuring an azide group that enables copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with alkyne-containing molecules, as well as strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with DBCO or BCN-modified compounds. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-PEG2-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate featuring the cereblon ligand derived from Pomalidomide and a 2-unit PEG linker, utilized in proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs). This compound serves as a click chemistry reagent, containing an azide group that enables copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with alkyne-containing molecules. Additionally, it supports strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with DBCO or BCN functionalized compounds, facilitating targeted protein degradation and expanding research capabilities in chemical biology and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-PEG2-COOH is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Pomalidomide moiety known for its interaction with the cereblon protein and a two-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound is designed for applications in PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimera) technology, enabling targeted protein degradation through the recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Its use facilitates the investigation of protein regulation and the modulation of cellular processes, making it a valuable tool for chemical biology research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide 4'-PEG2-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that features a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand attached to a PEG2-based linker, facilitating targeted protein degradation through PROTAC technology. This compound contains an azide group, allowing it to participate in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) as well as strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) with alkyne-containing molecules. It serves as a valuable tool for researchers studying targeted protein degradation and exploring E3 ligase interactions. -
E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C6-PEG3-C4-Cl is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeted protein degradation. This compound features the (S,R,S)-AHPC-based VHL ligand linked via a 20-atom length alkyl/ether linker that includes a halogen group. (S,R,S)-AHPC-C6-PEG3-C4-Cl is effective in promoting the degradation of GFP-HaloTag7 in cell-based assays, facilitating research in protein turnover, cellular signaling, and therapeutic target modulation. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Lenalidomide-C5-NH2 hydrochloride is a compound designed to selectively bind Cereblon (CRBN), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, facilitating targeted protein degradation. This ligand-linker conjugate can be utilized to construct PROTACs, enabling the selective degradation of proteins such as MDM2. Its application is vital in drug discovery and development, especially in the study of complex cellular mechanisms and the therapeutic modulation of protein levels. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C8-NH2 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the VH032-based VHL ligand. This compound is designed to facilitate the development of PROTACs targeting AKT, enhancing targeted protein degradation pathways. It serves as a valuable tool for researchers investigating the nuances of E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and protein regulation. -
E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate
Pomalidomide-C3-NHS ester is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeted protein degradation applications. This compound features a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand, providing specificity for the E3 ligase complex, coupled with an NHS ester linker for efficient conjugation to biomolecules. Its utility in molecular biology and drug discovery makes it an effective tool for studying protein interactions and cellular mechanisms. -
Molecular Glue Handle
(E)-JP-2-196 TFA is a molecular glue handle that specifically interacts with E3-ubiquitin ligases, including RNF126, LRSAM1, RNF40, MID2, and RNF14, in vitro. This compound facilitates the synthesis of molecular glue degraders, making it a valuable tool for studying targeted protein degradation and investigating ubiquitin-proteasome system pathways. Its unique binding capabilities lend themselves to various research applications in protein modulation and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-PEG1-C2-COOH is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the cereblon-targeting properties of Pomalidomide with a one-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound is designed for use in PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras) applications, enabling targeted protein degradation. Its structure facilitates the selective recruitment of E3 ligases, thus expanding the toolkit for researchers studying cellular protein regulation and therapeutic interventions. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-PEG4-COOH is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates a pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand joined to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker of four units. This compound is designed for use in PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) technology, facilitating targeted protein degradation. Its unique structure allows for selective modulation of protein levels, making it a valuable tool in research applications focusing on cellular signaling pathways and cancer biology. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Lenalidomide-PEG1-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate featuring the Lenalidomide-based cereblon ligand. This compound facilitates the design of PROTACs, such as BRD4 Degrader-2, by promoting targeted protein degradation. Lenalidomide-PEG1-azide serves as a versatile click chemistry reagent, capable of undergoing copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with alkyne-containing molecules, as well as strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with DBCO or BCN functionalized compounds. Suitable for applications in drug development and cellular biology research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Lenalidomide-C4-NH2 hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that targets the Cereblon (CRBN) protein. This compound facilitates the recruitment of CRBN for targeted protein degradation applications through PROTAC technology. In studies, Lenalidomide-C4-NH2 hydrochloride has demonstrated potent anti-proliferative effects, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.98 nM and 13.7 nM against RS4;11 and MOLM-13 acute leukemia cell lines, respectively. This makes it a valuable tool for research in cancer biology and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Lenalidomide-C5-acid is a conjugate comprising Lenalidomide and a C5-acid linker, designed for use in E3 ligase recruitment, specifically targeting the CRBN protein. This compound facilitates the synthesis of PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which are valuable tools for targeted protein degradation studies. Applications include research in cancer biology and therapeutic development through the modulation of protein levels within cells. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C4-COOH is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeted protein degradation applications. This compound features the (S,R,S)-AHPC-based ligand, which is essential for recruiting E3 ligase enzymes, and a specific linker that facilitates EED-targeted PROTAC development. Its utility in enhancing the selectivity and efficacy of protein degradation strategies makes it a valuable tool for chemical biology and therapeutic research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide 4'-PEG5-acid is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate featuring a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand connected to a pentaglycine (PEG5) linker. This compound is designed for use in PROTAC technology, facilitating the targeted degradation of specific proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It serves as a valuable tool for researchers studying protein interactions and therapeutic interventions in cancer and other diseases. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide 4'-alkylC5-acid functions as an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate targeting cereblon (CRBN). This compound demonstrates significant potential in the development of PROTACs (Proteolysis-targeting chimeras), facilitating targeted protein degradation in cellular systems. It is a valuable tool for enhancing research in protein homeostasis and therapeutic applications in various diseases. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Lenalidomide-propargyl-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that features a cereblon (CRBN) ligand, enabling targeted ubiquitination via the E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway. This compound serves as a critical component in the design of the PROTAC MD-224, facilitating targeted protein degradation. Additionally, Lenalidomide-propargyl-C2-NH2 hydrochloride functions as a click chemistry reagent, characterized by its alkyne group that allows for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with azide-containing molecules. Its unique properties make it valuable for research applications focused on protein modulation and degradation. -
Cereblon Ligand-linker
Pomalidomide-C7-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase cereblon ligand-linker conjugate. This compound facilitates targeted protein degradation by serving as an intermediate in the production of PROTAC BCL-XL degraders. It is utilized in research focusing on selective protein modulation and therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including cancer. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates Chemical
NJH-2-030 is a specialized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that facilitates targeted protein degradation through covalent recruitment of FEM1B. This compound is essential for exploring targeted protein degradation pathways and studying the dynamics of protein interactions in various biological contexts. Its application is particularly relevant in the fields of drug discovery and therapeutic development, where precise modulation of protein levels is crucial. -
E3 ligase ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-PEG1-azide is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Pomalidomide-based cereblon ligand along with a PEG1 linker. This compound serves as a versatile click chemistry reagent, featuring an azide group that enables copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with alkyne-containing molecules, as well as strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with DBCO or BCN groups. Pomalidomide-PEG1-azide can be utilized in the design and synthesis of PROTACs, such as the BRD4 Degrader-1, facilitating targeted protein degradation research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C6-NH2 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the VH032-derived VHL ligand, designed for use in PROTAC technology applications. This compound acts as a versatile tool in targeted protein degradation studies, facilitating the selective polyubiquitination of target proteins. Its robust properties make it suitable for various research applications focused on the modulation of protein activity through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2 TFA functions as an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate, incorporating a CRBN-based ligand along with a flexible linker. This compound is instrumental in the synthesis of PROTACs (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras), facilitating targeted protein degradation and enabling studies in cellular signaling pathways. Its application is valuable in drug discovery and development, particularly in addressing diseases linked to protein misfolding and degradation. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Lenalidomide-acetylene-C5-COOH serves as a ligand-linker conjugate targeting the E3 ligase Cereblon (CRBN). This compound facilitates the recruitment of CRBN and can be utilized to synthesize proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) by conjugating to protein ligands through a linker. As a click chemistry reagent featuring an alkyne group, Lenalidomide-acetylene-C5-COOH is designed for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc), enabling the efficient coupling with azide-containing molecules. This product is applicable in studies related to targeted protein degradation and novel therapeutic approaches in cancer research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C2-NH2 dihydrochloride serves as a ligand-linker conjugate for the VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase. It facilitates the synthesis of PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras) by providing a key structural component. This reagent is essential for studies involving targeted protein degradation and the development of novel therapeutic strategies employing E3 ligases. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that utilizes a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand coupled with a three-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound is designed for applications in PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras) technology, facilitating targeted protein degradation. Its unique structure enables selective engagement with the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase, supporting research into protein modulation and therapeutic interventions in various diseases. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-amido-C3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that utilizes a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand, facilitating targeted protein degradation through PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) technology. This reagent is designed to enhance the specificity and efficacy of protein modulation in cellular systems, making it valuable for studies in drug discovery and molecular biology. Its unique structure supports the development of innovative therapeutic strategies by utilizing E3 ligase-mediated pathways. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C3-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate, featuring the VHL ligand derived from VH032. This compound is designed for use in PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) technology, facilitating the targeted degradation of specific proteins. Its application in research includes the modulation of protein levels and the exploration of ubiquitin-proteasome system dynamics, making it a valuable tool for studies in cellular signaling and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
JQ-1 carboxylic acid-PEG3-C2-NH2 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for the synthesis of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs). This compound facilitates targeted protein degradation by promoting the interaction between E3 ligases and specific substrates, thereby enabling the selective modulation of protein levels within cells. Its utility in creating PROTACs highlights its vital role in bivalent ligand design and drug development for therapeutic applications. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C2-PEG4-N3 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for use in PROTAC technology, featuring the (S,R,S)-AHPC-based VHL ligand and a four-unit PEG linker. This reagent enables the synthesis of vRucaparib-TP4, a potent PARP1 degrader with a DC50 of 82 nM. Additionally, (S,R,S)-AHPC-C2-PEG4-N3 contains an azide group, facilitating click chemistry via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) or strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with alkyne-containing molecules. Its applications include targeted protein degradation and advanced chemical biology research. -
Protein Ligand
VH 032 amide-alkylC5-azide is a functionalized ligand targeting the von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, specifically designed for PROTAC research and development. This compound features an E3 ligase ligand along with an alkyl linker, culminating in a terminal azide group suitable for conjugation to target protein ligands. Its unique structure facilitates the creation of innovative protein degradation systems, making it a valuable tool in chemical biology and therapeutic research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Desamino lenalidomide-Pip hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates a cereblon (CRBN)-based ligand. This compound serves as a crucial building block for the synthesis of PROTACs (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras), which facilitate target protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Its utility in chemical biology includes applications in targeted therapeutics and the study of protein degradation mechanisms. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-C2-acid is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the cereblon ligand derived from Pomalidomide with a specialized linker utilized in PROTAC technologies. This reagent is designed to facilitate targeted protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Its application in research allows for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that manipulate protein dynamics in cellular systems. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Pomalidomide-propargyl is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for click chemistry applications. This compound features a potent E3 ligase ligand alongside a terminal alkyl group, facilitating efficient conjugation to target proteins. Pomalidomide-propargyl is an important tool for the development of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), enabling targeted protein degradation and advancing research in cancer biology and therapeutic discovery. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA is a synthetic ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeting the E3 ligase Cereblon. This compound consists of a Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand connected by a three-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. Pomalidomide-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA is suitable for the synthesis of PROTACs (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras), facilitating targeted degradation of specific proteins in various biological research applications. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-phenol-C4-NH2 dihydrochloride serves as an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate, featuring the (S,R,S)-AHPC VHL ligand integrated with a linker utilized in PROTAC technology. This compound facilitates targeted protein degradation, enhancing research applications in targeted therapy and chemical biology. Its utility in developing PROTACs makes it a valuable reagent for studying E3 ligase activity and pathway modulation in various biological contexts. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C4-NH2 dihydrochloride is a specialized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for targeted protein degradation applications. This compound features the (S,R,S)-AHPC-based VHL ligand, facilitating the recruitment of E3 ligases for enhanced substrate degradation. It serves as an essential tool for researchers developing EED-targeted PROTACs, contributing to investigations in cellular regulation and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
(S,R,S)-AHPC-phenol-alkylC6-amine dihydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed to facilitate protein degradation through the use of PROTAC technology. This compound features the VH032-derived VHL ligand, which selectively targets proteins for ubiquitination. Its alkyl linker enhances the formation of effective protein-degradative complexes, making it a valuable tool for research in targeted protein modulation and therapeutic development. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-Me-CO-CH2-PEG3-NH2 is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate featuring a VHL ligand and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound facilitates targeted degradation of proteins through the PROTAC mechanism, enhancing the development of targeted therapeutics. Its applications include use in studies related to BRD4 degradation and other related research involving protein ubiquitination and modulation. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
(S,R,S)-AHPC-Me-C5-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate featuring a VHL ligand combined with an optimized linker structure. This compound facilitates targeted protein degradation and is applicable in the development of PROTACs, such as DT2216, for studying protein regulation and interaction in cellular processes. Its role in enhancing E3 ligase activity makes it a valuable tool for drug discovery and therapeutic research. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-5'-PEG8-C2-COOH is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines pomalidomide with an eight-unit polyethylene glycol linker. This compound is primarily utilized in the synthesis of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), facilitating selective degradation of target proteins. Its unique structure aids in enhancing the stability and bioavailability of PROTACs for targeted protein modulation in various biological research applications. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-amino-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand with a three-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound is designed for use in PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) technology, facilitating targeted degradation of proteins by harnessing the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It serves as a valuable tool in chemical biology for investigating protein function and dynamics. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
Thalidomide-Piperazine-Piperidine hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate designed for use in targeted protein degradation applications. This compound combines a thalidomide-derived cereblon ligand with a piperazine-piperidine linker, enabling the development of PROTAC molecules. It plays a crucial role in modulating protein levels within cellular systems and may be employed for research into therapeutic strategies that harness the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. -
Azide Compound
Pomalidomide 4'-alkylC4-azide is an azide-modified derivative of pomalidomide, designed to serve as a linker conjugate for E3 ligase ligands. This compound plays a crucial role in the synthesis of MIDI azide libraries and aids in advancing research on proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) for targeted protein degradation. Its structure enhances the potential for molecular assembly and innovative therapeutic developments within chemical biology and pharmacology. -
E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates
Pomalidomide-PEG3-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that combines the Pomalidomide-derived cereblon ligand with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. This compound facilitates targeted protein degradation through the PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) technology by promoting the recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligases. It is suitable for applications in investigations of protein turnover and cellular signaling pathways.
