Endocrinology-Hormones

Small molecules play a pivotal role in Endocrinology Research. These are low molecular weight compounds that have a significant impact on the endocrine system, hormones, and their receptors. Here are some key aspects of how small molecules are involved in this field:

  • Hormone Mimetics and Inhibitors: Small molecules are used to develop synthetic compounds that mimic the actions of hormones or inhibit their effects. For example, drugs like metformin for diabetes management and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for breast cancer treatment are used to either mimic or block hormonal activity.
  • Receptor Modulation: Small molecules can bind to hormone receptors and modulate their activity. This is crucial in developing drugs that target specific hormone receptors, like the use of small molecule agonists and antagonists to regulate thyroid hormone receptors.
  • Metabolism Regulation: Endocrinology research often focuses on metabolism and how hormones like insulin regulate it. Small molecules are employed to understand and develop drugs targeting enzymes involved in metabolism, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists for diabetes treatment.
  • Steroid Hormone Production: Small molecules may be utilized to influence the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal glands or gonads. This is essential for conditions like Cushing's syndrome or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  • Hormone Assays: In laboratory research, small molecules are used as tracers or markers in hormone assays. For instance, small molecule fluorophores can be attached to antibodies to detect hormone levels in blood samples.

Drug Development: Endocrinology research relies on small molecules as potential drug candidates. Researchers design and test small molecules for their effectiveness in modulating hormonal pathways, with the goal of developing new therapies for endocrine disorders.
In summary, small molecules are indispensable tools in Endocrinology Research, enabling scientists to better understand the endocrine system's intricacies and develop novel treatments for a wide range of hormonal disorders and conditions. Their versatility and specificity make them valuable assets in advancing our knowledge of endocrinology and improving patient care.


Endocrinology Disease Products


Endocrinology Research Products

Kisspeptin Receptor

Leptin Receptors

Melanocortin (MC) Receptors

Mineralocorticoid Receptors

Ghrelin Receptors

Natriuretic Peptide Receptors

NPY Receptors

Motilin Receptor

PTH Receptor

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Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Product Citation
  1. GnRH antagonist

    Abarelix acetate is a synthetic peptide gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH) antagonist
  2. KW-8232 free base is an anti-osteoporotic agent, and can reduces the biosynthesis of PGE2.
  3. GPR119 agonist

    MBX-2982 is a potential first-in-class treatment for type 2 diabetes that targets G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119), a receptor that interacts with bioactive lipids known to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
  4. Estrogen receptor antagonist

    Endoxifen is a secondary metabolite of tamoxifen. It is a primary metabolite responsible for the effectiveness of tamoxifen in ER-positive breast cancer.
  5. androgen receptor modulator

    GSK-2881078 is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that is being evaluated for effects on muscle growth and strength in subjects with muscle wasting to improve their physical function.
  6. ACE inhibitor

    Zofenopril calcium is an angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE inhibitor.
  7. estrogen receptor modulator

    acolbifene is a substance being studied in the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk of breast cancer. Acolbifene hydrochloride binds to estrogen receptors in the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in the breast. It is a type of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
  8. Human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) peptide fragment; contains the 34 N-terminal residues of hPTH. Agonist at parathyroid 1 (PTH1) and parathyroid 2 (PTH2) receptors.
  9. Androgen receptor (AR) modulator

    BMS-564929 is a novel, highly potent, orally active, nonsteroidal tissue selective androgen receptor (AR) modulator, and this compound has been advanced to clinical trials for the treatment of age-related functional decline.
  10. GnRH antagonist

    Degarelix acetate is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist.
  11. Ganirelix is an injectable competitive gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist)
  12. Etersalate inhibits platelet function and decreases thromboxane A2 (TXA2) levels.
  13. CRTH2 receptor antagonist

    AZD1981, as a potent antagonist in a disease relevant cell system, inhibits DK-PGD2-induced CD11b expression in human eosinophils with IC50 of 10 nM.
  14. ROR agonist

    SR1001 is a selective ROR-alpha and ROR-gamma inverse agonist; suppresses TH17 cell differentiation and inhibits autoimmunity.
  15. angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist

    PD 123319 ditrifluoroacetate is a potent, selective, non-peptide angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist. IC50 values are 34 and 210 nM in rat adrenal tissue and brain respectively.
  16. Apelin Receptor activator

    (Glp1)-Apelin-13 is an activator of Apelin Receptor
  17. nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist

    AZD5423 is a novel nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist.
  18. Arzoxifene HCl is the hydrochloride salt of arzoxifene, a synthetic aromatic derivative with anti-estrogenic properties. Arzoxifene binds to estrogen receptors as a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist.
  19. ERRα antagonist/inverse agonist

    XCT 790 is a potent and specific inverse agonist of ERRα.
  20. ERα agonist

    Propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) is an estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist.
  21. GPR3 agonist/NOS/ NADPH oxidases inhibitor

    Diphenyleneiodonium chloride has been shown to be a potent irreversible inhibitor of NOS2 (iNOS) from macrophages and NOS3 (eNOS) from endothelial cells.
  22. Bopindolol malonate is a non-selective, potent, long-acting beta adrenoceptor antagonist. It demonstrates inhibition of H2O2-induced lipid peroxdiation.
  23. GHRP-6 Acetate is a growth hormone releasing peptide.
  24. CYP17A1/androgen synthesis inhibitor

    Orteronel (TAK700) is an androgen synthesis inhibitor. It selectively inhibits the enzyme CYP17A which is expressed in testicular, adrenal, and prostatic tumor tissues.
  25. LTA4 hydrolase inhibitor

    Captopril Disulfide is a reversible and competitive inhibitor of LTA4 hydrolase (IC50=11 M). Captopril has been shown to be an of angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE1), but not ACE2(IC50 = 22 nM).
  26. GnRH-1 agonist

    AEZS-108 is a peptide agonist of the gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 receptor (GnRH-1R) that is conjugated to the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity.
  27. RORr agonist

    SR-2211 selectively binds RORr(Ki = 105 nM), acting as an inverse agonist of constitutive in vitro RORr activity (IC50 = 320 nM).
  28. Angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist

    SL910102 is a nonpeptide angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist.
  29. ACE inhibitor

    Zofenopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 81 μM.
  30. ETBR antagonist

    IRL-2500 is a potent, selective ETBR antagonist. It shows some selectivity for ETB receptors (IC50 values are 1.3 and 94 nM for ETB and ETA receptors respectively).
  31. GPR119 agonist

    AR-231453 is a potent and selective small molecule agonis of GPR119 that enhances glucose dependent insulin secretion and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release.
  32. Zearalenone is a phytoestrogenic mycotoxin usually produced by Fusarium species, is shown to be a cytotoxic compound, but alos binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) (IC50 values are 166 and 240 nM for ERβ and ERα respectively) and was found to stimulate the transcriptional activity of both subtypes at concentrations between 1 - 10 nM.
  33. Eprosartan (mesylate) is a competitive AT1 receptor antagonist with IC50 values ranging from 1.4 ?€? 3.9 nM and an elimination half-life of five to seven hours.
  34. GnRH antagonist

    Elagolix is a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonist. Elagolix inhibits gonadatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland and ultimately reduces circulating sex hormone levels.
  35. androgen-receptor (AR) antagonist

    N-desMethyl EnzalutaMide is used in the treatment of disorders involving androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors.
  36. Renin inhibitor

    VTP-27999 HCl is a potent inhibitor of renin with IC50 value of 0.3 nM for human renin.
  37. progesterone receptor antagonist

    Lonaprisan is an orally bioavailable pentafluoroethyl derivative of a mifepristone-related steroid with antiprogestagenic activity.
  38. angiotensin II receptor antagonist

    BIBS39 is a nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists that displaced [125I] AII from its specific binding sites with a K(i) value of 29 +/- 7 nM for the AII subtype I (AT1) receptor and a K(i) value of 480 +/- 110 nM for the AII subtype 2 (AT2) receptor.
  39. angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor

    LCZ696 is an orally bioavailable, dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) for hypertension and heart failure.
  40. estrogen receptor modulator

    Ospemifene is a non-hormonal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
  41. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist

    The antiglucocorticoid RU43044 exerted significant agonist activity and activated MMTV-Luc transcription in osteosarcoma cells but not human breast cancer cells.
  42. GPR119 agonist

    APD668 is a potent GPR119 agonist with EC50 of 2.7 nM and 33 nM for hGPR119 and ratGPR119 respectively.
  43. androgen receptor modulator

    LGD-4033 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis, currently under development by Ligand Pharmaceuticals.
  44. Angiotensin I is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen.
  45. Angiotensin (1-7) is an endogenous peptide fragment that can be produced from Ang I or Ang II via endo- or carboxy-peptidases respectively.
  46. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an octapeptide hormone that plays a central role in cardiovascular homeostasis.
  47. Angiotensin III is a hexapeptide formed as a result of a cleavage at the N-terminus of Angiotensin II, a key factor in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) system by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues.
  48. Angiotensin 1/2 (1-9) is a peptide (ASP-ARG-VAL-TYR-ILE-HIS-PRO-PHE-HIS) containing the amino acids 1-9 that are converted from Angiotensin I/II peptide.
  49. Acetyl Angiotensinogen (1-14),porcine, The protein encoded by the Angiotensinogen gene is known as pre-angiotensinogen or angiotensinogen precursor.
  50. Angiotensin 1/2 (1-5) is a peptide that contains the amino acids 1-5 and is converted from Angiotensin I/II.

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