Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
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Broad-spectrum Antiviral Agent
Moroxydine (ABOB) hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum agent with multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza virus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, measles, mumps disease, hepatitis C virus, etc. Moroxydine hydrochloride exhibits excellent antiviral activity and shows low cytotoxicity to cells infected by dsRNA viruses (grass carp reovirus, GCRV) and large DNA viruses (giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV). Moroxydine hydrochloride blocks the GCRV-induced cytopathic effects and eliminates nucleocapsids in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells to keep the normal morphological structure. Moroxydine hydrochloride significantly inhibits the apoptosis, the caspase 3 activity, Bax expression and down-regulates Bcl-2 levels. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Ceftiofur is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor targeting bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It demonstrates bactericidal activity by interfering with the peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, resulting in cell lysis. Additionally, Ceftiofur exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs, which decreases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This makes Ceftiofur a valuable reagent in research investigating bacterial infections and inflammation processes. -
Antiviral Agent
Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) primarily functions as an antiviral agent targeting influenza A viruses. This compound inhibits ion channels, including M2 and NMDA, and demonstrates activity against Coronavirus ion channels. In addition to its antiviral properties, Amantadine has shown potential as an anti-orthopoxvirus agent and exhibits anticancer activity. Its applications extend to studies related to Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and COVID-19 research. -
Fungicide
Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin fungicide that functions by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in fungi. It exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity, effectively controlling various crop diseases. Additionally, Pyraclostrobin has been shown to induce oxidative DNA damage and activate AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy. Its applications extend to agricultural settings for the management of fungal pathogens. -
Anti-inflammatory/anti-cancer/anti-viral/anti-tuberculosis Agent
4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester is a bioactive natural compound that functions primarily as an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-tuberculosis agent. It demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and NF-κB, resulting in reduced cytokine production. Additionally, 4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis through the downregulation of VEGF expression. It also exhibits significant antiviral properties against dengue virus and antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, along with notable analgesic effects in preclinical models. -
Short-chain Fatty Acid
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate acts primarily as a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). It is known to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to the cleavage of caspase 9 and the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Additionally, it downregulates the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), and demonstrates antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate has shown promising anticancer effects in gastric cancer and may regulate energy metabolism while exhibiting potential therapeutic effects in ulcerative colitis and hepatic steatosis. -
Antibiotic
Acetoxycycloheximide is an antibiotic with potent antitumor properties, primarily functioning as a protein synthesis inhibitor. It effectively induces procaspase-3 activation, leading to apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria via the JNK signaling pathway. Additionally, acetoxycycloheximide downregulates cell surface TNF-R1 by activating the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways, thereby inhibiting TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling. This reagent is valuable for research related to inflammatory and immune diseases as well as cancer. -
Broad-spectrum Antiviral Agent
Moroxydine is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent targeting both DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and hepatitis C. It demonstrates significant antiviral efficacy while exhibiting low cytotoxicity, particularly against dsRNA viruses such as grass carp reovirus and large DNA viruses like giant salamander iridovirus. Moroxydine effectively inhibits cytopathic effects induced by GCRV and prevents the formation of nucleocapsids in renal cells, maintaining their normal morphology. Additionally, it significantly reduces apoptosis and modulates apoptosis-related proteins, including down-regulation of Bcl-2 and inhibition of caspase 3 activity. -
Bacterial Quorum-sensing Signaling Molecule
N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone is a bacterial quorum-sensing signaling molecule primarily associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex. This compound plays a critical role in bacterial communication, regulating gene expression in response to changes in cell density. Additionally, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone has been shown to induce interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in human bronchial epithelial cells, making it valuable for research in host-pathogen interactions and inflammatory responses. -
Large Cyclic Mucor Toxin.
Satratoxin G is a large cyclic mucor toxin that primarily induces apoptosis through the activation of caspases. This compound exhibits potent biological activity, making it a valuable tool for studying apoptosis and cell signaling pathways. Satratoxin G is commonly utilized in research concerning fungal toxins and their effects on mammalian cells, providing insights into potential therapeutic interventions for toxin-related diseases. -
Microbial Metabolite
Oosporein is a microbial metabolite characterized as a red crystalline toxin produced by various fungi. It demonstrates significant biological activity by inhibiting insect immunity, thereby promoting fungal reproduction within host organisms. Additionally, Oosporein exhibits antibacterial, antiviral (specifically against herpes simplex virus), and insecticidal properties. Its effects on plant growth inhibition and its ability to induce apoptosis, cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage make it a valuable compound for research in multiple fields, including mycology, agriculture, and oncology. -
Myrothecium Fungus Metabolite
Verrucarin J, a metabolite derived from the Myrothecium fungus, primarily targets the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cancer cell lines. It has demonstrated significant apoptotic activity in A549, HCT 116, and SW-620 cells. Additionally, Verrucarin J exhibits antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei, and effectively inhibits the arenavirus Junin (JUNV) with an IC50 value of 1.2 ng/mL, highlighting its potential for research in oncology and virology. -
HSV Inhibitor
S-Acetylglutathione is a stable derivative of glutathione that serves as an effective HSV inhibitor. It is hydrolyzed by intracellular thioesterases to restore glutathione levels, particularly in fibroblasts lacking glutathione synthetase. This compound demonstrates significant antiviral activity by inhibiting viral replication in HSV-1 infection models. Additionally, S-Acetylglutathione induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines such as MOLT4 and UKF-NB-3, making it valuable for research in both virology and oncology. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
Aeroplysinin 1 is a secondary metabolite with a primary target as a bacterial inhibitor. It exhibits significant antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria and demonstrates antiviral efficacy against HIV-1, with an IC50 of 14.6 μM. Additionally, Aeroplysinin 1 possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-tumor properties, and has been shown to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. This compound is valuable for research applications in microbiology, virology, and cancer studies. -
Antibacterial Growth Promoter
Nitrovin hydrochloride is an antibacterial growth promoter that targets thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell death. This compound exhibits both non-apoptotic and apoptotic-like mechanisms of action. It also demonstrates anticancer activity, with IC50 values ranging from 1.31 to 6.60 μM in various tumor and normal cell lines, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic development. -
Antiphlogistic Agent
Tomentosin is an orally active natural sesquiterpenoid lactone with primary applications as an antiphlogistic agent. It demonstrates a range of biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Tomentosin has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while also inducing apoptosis. This compound is valuable for research related to tumors, inflammatory conditions, and neurological disorders. -
Antifungal Agent
Reveromycin A is a benzoquinoid antibiotic that exhibits antifungal properties through its mechanism as a selective inhibitor of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It effectively inhibits bone resorption by inducing apoptosis in osteoclasts and demonstrates antiproliferative activity against various tumor cell lines. This compound is valuable for research applications in studying fungal infections and bone metabolism. -
Antithrombotic/Antifungal Agent
Ajoene is a garlic-derived compound that functions as both an antithrombotic and antifungal agent. It exhibits significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells, including HL-60, U937, HEL, and OCIM-I. This compound is relevant for research in cancer biology and antifungal therapies. -
Antibiotic
Metronidazole hydrochloride is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with a primary mechanism of action against anaerobic bacteria. It is effective in the treatment of various anaerobic infections and possesses the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Research applications include studying its effects on inflammation and skeletal muscle contraction associated with long-term use. -
Polyether Antibiotic
Monensin, a polyether antibiotic, functions primarily as an ionophore that mediates Na+/H+ exchange. It has been identified as a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, leading to significant enlargement of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and modulating exosome secretion. This compound is utilized in research focused on bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, and it also exhibits anticancer properties, making it a valuable tool in various biological studies. -
Antibiotic/FOXM1 Inhibitor
Siomycin A is a thiopeptide antibiotic that selectively inhibits Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), while sparing other Forkhead box family members. It exhibits significant anti-tumor activity and promotes apoptosis, making it a valuable tool for cancer research. This compound is particularly useful for studies focused on the role of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. -
Apoptosis Activator
Nortrachelogenin, also known as (-)-Wikstromol, is an apoptosis activator isolated from Partrinia scabiosaefolia. It has been shown to induce apoptotic responses in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, making it a valuable reagent for research on fungal apoptosis and related cellular processes. This compound can facilitate the investigation of therapeutic strategies targeting fungal infections. -
Bacterial/Fungal Inhibitor, Preservative Agent
Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is a bacterial and fungal inhibitor, primarily functioning as a preservative agent. It activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human bronchial epithelial cells, leading to apoptosis and an inflammatory response. Research indicates that it may promote the development of atopic dermatitis in murine models by disrupting Th2/Th17 immune responses. Additionally, Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride has been shown to cause mitochondrial damage in the endothelium of rat cerebral blood vessels, highlighting its cellular impact. -
Bacterial Inhibitor
K-252c is a staurosporine analog that selectively inhibits protein kinase C (PKC), exhibiting an IC50 value of 2.45 µM. This compound is known for its ability to induce apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, making it a valuable tool in cancer research. Additionally, K-252c demonstrates inhibitory effects on β-lactamase, chymotrypsin, and malate dehydrogenase, further expanding its utility in studying bacterial resistance and enzyme activity. -
Anticancer/Antifungal Agent
Ilicicolin H is a selective inhibitor of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) and mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 reductase, with an IC50 of 9.02 μM and 2-3 ng/mL, respectively. It effectively inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), by reducing lactate production and glucose uptake. Additionally, Ilicicolin H displays broad antifungal activity against pathogens such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus species, and Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is suitable for research applications in oncology and infectious diseases. -
HSV-1 Inhibitor
Yatein is a lignan derived from A. chilensis with a primary mechanism of inhibiting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication. It exerts its antiviral activity through the disruption of immediate-early gene expression, thereby reducing viral propagation. This compound is useful for research applications focused on viral infections and potential therapeutic strategies against HSV-1. -
Styryl Lactone
Goniothalamin is a styryl lactone that demonstrates insecticidal, anti-tumor, and antibacterial properties. It induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells, while exhibiting larvicidal effects against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and cytotoxicity against brine shrimp larvae. Additionally, Goniothalamin shows antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal efficacy against pathogens such as Candida albicans and Trichophyton species. This compound is relevant for research in breast cancer, lymphatic filariasis, and the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. -
Antibiotic
Terrein is an antibiotic that functions as a melanogenesis inhibitor. It induces apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines and acts as an inhibitor of quorum sensing and cyclic di-GMP levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This compound is valuable in studying mechanisms of cancer cell regulation and bacterial communication processes. -
Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor
Thujopsene is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically targeting CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9, with IC50 values of 1.3, 12.6, 13.6, 29.8, and 44.9 μM, respectively. In addition to its role as a metabolic inhibitor, thujopsene binds to PKM2, disrupting cancer cell metabolic pathways and inducing apoptosis in MKN45 cells, thereby demonstrating significant antitumor activity. This compound also exhibits notable anti-termite and antifungal properties through its autoxidation process, broadening its potential applications in both cancer research and pest control. -
Antibiotic/DNA Inhibitor
Bleomycin A5 (hydrochloride) is a glycopeptide antibiotic that primarily functions as a DNA inhibitor. This compound exerts its cytotoxic effects by chelating Fe2+, which leads to the formation of reactive species that induce both single-strand and double-strand breaks in DNA, thereby disrupting DNA replication. Additionally, Bleomycin A5 (hydrochloride) inhibits Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and modulates the PINK1/Parkin pathway, contributing to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. It is widely utilized in cancer research applications. -
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Abacavir hydrochloride is a competitive, orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor primarily targeting HIV replication. This compound demonstrates significant anti-HIV activity and has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects in prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, Abacavir hydrochloride has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and suppress telomerase activity, making it a valuable reagent for research in virology and cancer biology. -
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Abacavir monosulfate is a competitive, orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor targeting HIV replication. It demonstrates significant antiviral activity against HIV and exhibits anticancer properties in prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, Abacavir monosulfate is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and effectively suppresses telomerase activity, making it a valuable tool for research in virology and oncology. -
Apoptosis Inducer
2-Methoxyjuglone is a naphthoquinone that functions primarily as an apoptosis inducer. It activates caspase-9 and caspase-3 through the mitochondrial cytochrome c-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, leading to increased pro-apoptotic Bax levels and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels. 2-Methoxyjuglone also induces apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial cytochrome c release and is associated with morphological changes of apoptosis, early apoptotic signals, cell cycle arrest in S-phase and G2/M-phase, as well as DNA double-strand breaks. Additionally, it exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria and pathogenic fungi, making it valuable in the research of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, as well as in studies of fungal and bacterial infections. -
Antifungal Peptide
Periplanetasin-2 is an antifungal peptide that exerts its effects primarily through the induction of oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promoting lipid peroxidation. In addition to its antifungal activity, Periplanetasin-2 can also trigger apoptosis in target cells. This compound is valuable for research applications aimed at understanding fungal pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutic strategies against fungal infections. -
FASN Inhibitor
Cerulenin is a potent natural inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FASN), derived from the fungus Cephalosporium caeruleus. It acts by inhibiting topoisomerase I catalytic activity, consequently enhancing apoptosis induced by SN-38. Cerulenin exhibits both antifungal and antitumor properties, making it a valuable tool for research in cancer therapies and fungal infections. -
Nonionic Surfactant
Polyethylene glycol mono(4-tert-octylphenyl) ether is a nonionic surfactant that effectively solubilizes lipid membranes, facilitating various laboratory applications. It serves as a crucial excipient in the formulation of vaccines, including split virus influenza vaccines, and is integral during different stages of vaccine manufacturing. In addition to its role in vaccine development, this compound has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in prostate and colon cancer cell lines and to diminish the infectivity of enveloped viruses, such as West Nile Virus (WNV). -
Antibiotic and APN Inhibitor
Actinonin is a naturally occurring antibiotic that functions primarily as an aminopeptidase N inhibitor. It exhibits potent antimicrobial activity and acts as a reversible peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.28 nM. Additionally, Actinonin shows inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-9, with respective Ki values of 300 nM, 1,700 nM, 190 nM, and 330 nM. It also possesses pro-apoptotic properties and has demonstrated antiproliferative and antitumor activities, making it a valuable tool for cancer research and therapeutic exploration. -
P2X3 Receptor Antagonist
Aurintricarboxylic acid is a selective allosteric antagonist of the P2X3 receptor, demonstrating nanomolar potency with IC50 values of 72.9 nM for rP2X3R and 8.6 nM for rP2X1R. It exhibits significant anti-influenza activity by inhibiting neuraminidase and serves as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, influencing apoptosis mechanisms. Additionally, aurintricarboxylic acid modulates the TWEAK-Fn14 signaling pathway and acts as a cystathionine-lyase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. Its role in regulating miRNA function is also noteworthy, with an IC50 of 0.47 µM, making it valuable for various biological research applications. -
Antibacterial Agent
Lasalocid is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that functions as a feed additive in agricultural applications. It has demonstrated antitumor activity, suggesting potential utility in oncological research. Additionally, Lasalocid is orally bioactive, making it suitable for studies involving gastrointestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics. -
Bacterial Agent And Polyamine Transport System Inhibitor
AMXT-1501 is an antibacterial agent and polyamine transport system inhibitor that targets membrane phospholipids. It exhibits significant antibacterial activity against a range of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, specifically inhibiting capsular biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, AMXT-1501 interferes with ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine pathways, leading to the inhibition of neuroblastoma cell proliferation. Research applications include studies on multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, pneumococcal infections, and neuroblastoma therapeutics. -
Antifungal Agent
Iturin A is a cyclic lipopeptide that exhibits potent antifungal activity. Iturin A disrupts fungal cell membranes and induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. This compound holds promise for research applications in antifungal therapeutics and cancer biology, showcasing notable antitumor effects. -
SCD1 Inhibitor
SSI-4 is a potent stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) inhibitor with an EC50 of 1.9 nM for mouse SCD1. By blocking the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, SSI-4 effectively reduces oleic and palmitoleic acid production. It promotes lipid peroxidation, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activates apoptotic pathways. Additionally, SSI-4 inhibits mTORC1 activity, suppresses B cell proliferation and antibody production, and induces autophagy. This compound is valuable for studies related to cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma, as well as influenza infections. -
Antibiotic
Bleomycin A5 is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts cytotoxic effects primarily through its interaction with Fe2+, leading to the formation of a complex that induces both single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks, while inhibiting DNA replication. Additionally, it targets Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and suppresses the PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy, ultimately promoting mitochondria-mediated cellular apoptosis. This compound is valuable in cancer research, particularly in studies focused on mechanisms of apoptosis and DNA damage responses. -
Antibacterial Agent
Lasalocid sodium is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent primarily utilized in veterinary medicine as a feed additive. This compound exhibits significant antitumor activity, demonstrating potential for additional therapeutic applications. Its oral bioactivity further enhances its utility in various research studies focused on microbial resistance and cancer biology. -
Fungicide Agent
Epoxiconazole is a demethylation inhibitor targeting the Ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It demonstrates significant inhibitory activity against both carbendazim-resistant and phenamacril-resistant fungal isolates. This compound is widely utilized in agricultural research for the control of various crop diseases, contributing to effective crop management strategies. -
Fungicide
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum β-methoxyacrylate fungicide that primarily targets the cytochrome bc1 complex, inhibiting mitochondrial respiration through binding at the Qo site. This mechanism disrupts electron transfer, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent induction of apoptosis in fungal cells. Azoxystrobin is essential for research applications focusing on fungal physiology, plant pathology, and the development of disease management strategies. -
Fungicide
Fludioxonil is a phenylpyrrole fungicide that targets fungal cell growth by inhibiting the development of plant pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. It exhibits significant biological activity through its ability to disrupt cytoskeletal integrity, induce DNA damage, and promote apoptosis in mouse glioma cells. Additionally, Fludioxonil has been observed to influence tumor growth and metastasis, alongside potential cardiotoxic effects. This compound serves as a valuable tool in agricultural research and studies related to cellular mechanisms of toxicity and cancer progression. -
Antifungal Agent
Isavuconazonium sulfate (BAL8557-002) is an orally active, broad-spectrum antifungal prodrug that is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo to yield the active triazole compound **Isavuconazole**. It exhibits potent antifungal activity by inhibiting lanosterol 14α-demethylase, a key enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, thereby disrupting fungal cell membrane integrity. Isavuconazonium sulfate is effective against a wide range of pathogenic fungi, including *Aspergillus* and *Mucorales* species, and is used in the study and treatment of invasive aspergillosis, mucormycosis, blastomycosis, and *Acanthamoeba* keratitis. Its excellent oral bioavailability and favorable safety profile make it a valuable therapeutic and research tool in antifungal pharmacology. - Delmopinol is a surface-active cationic compound that functions as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. It interacts with the acquired pellicle—a thin salivary film composed of proteins and glycoproteins that coats the teeth and gums—and forms a protective barrier over oral surfaces. This barrier inhibits microbial adhesion and biofilm formation, thereby preventing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Although Delmopinol does not possess direct bactericidal activity, its ability to interfere with bacterial colonization makes it effective in maintaining oral hygiene. It has been approved by the U.S. FDA under the trade name **Decapinol** for the treatment of gingivitis and the prevention of periodontitis.
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actin polymerization inhibitor
Cytochalasin D (also known as Zygosporin A) is a cell-permeable fungal metabolite and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization. It binds to G-actin, thereby disrupting the G-actin–cofilin interaction and preventing cofilin association with F-actin. Through this mechanism, Cytochalasin D reduces both actin polymerization and depolymerization rates in living cells, leading to profound effects on cytoskeletal organization and cell morphology. In addition, Cytochalasin D suppresses exosome release, consequently decreasing survivin levels within the tumor microenvironment. It also promotes phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of YAP, implicating it in the regulation of mechanotransduction and tumor cell signaling.
