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CCR antagonist
Maraviroc is an antiretroviral drug in the CCR5 receptor antagonist class used in the treatment of HIV infection.- Roman V Uzhachenko, .et al. , Cell Rep, 2021, Apr 6;35(1):108944 PMID: 33826903
- Karampoor S, .et al. , Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, Mar;80:106138 PMID: 32007705
- Taisuke Ito, .et al. , JCIA, 2020, 22 January
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PDGFR inhibitor
Imatinib (Gleevec) is a number of tyrosine kinase enzymes specific inhibitor.- Rong Zhang, .et al. , Gene, 2024, Jan 30:893:147917 PMID: 37866664
- Aya Hasan Alshammari, .et al. , Biochem Pharmacol, 2022, Mar;197:114914 PMID: 35041812
- Takafumi Shima, .et al. , Oncol Rep, 2022, 47: 7 PMID: 34738628
- Reiko Watanabe, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2021, Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738 PMID: 33619967
- BM Duggan, .et al. , Endocrinology, 2020, May 30;bqaa086 PMID: 32473019
- Li Li, .et al. , Leukemia Res, 2019, 78:12-20 PMID: 30660961
- Brittany M. Duggan, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 1578 PMID: 28484277
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ntRT inhibitor
Adefovir dipivoxil is an orally-administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (ntRTI). It is used for treatment of hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus infection.- Ryogo Shimizu, .et al. , Hepatol Commun, 2024, Jan 5;8(1):e0351 PMID: 38180972
- Kazumoto Murata, .et al. , Gut, 2018, Feb; 67(2): 362-371 PMID: 27789659
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nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate is employed as an anti-HIV agend and a reverse transcriptase inhibitor.- Ryogo Shimizu, .et al. , Hepatol Commun, 2024, Jan 5;8(1):e0351 PMID: 38180972
- Kazumoto Murata, .et al. , Gut, 2018, Feb; 67(2): 362-371 PMID: 27789659
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Antibiotic
Delamanid is a new antituberculosis drug that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and has shown potent in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.- Seungmo Kim, .et al. , Tuberculosis, 2025, 152: 102630 PMID: 40120193
- Thanh Quang Nguyen, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2022, Dec 20;66(12):e0044822 PMID: 36321819
- Meikle V, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, Nov 12. pii: AAC.01846-18 PMID: 30420480
- World Health Organization, .et al. , World Health Organization, 2018, WHO/CDS/TB/2018.24
- Sitafloxacin is a new-generation, broad-spectrum oral fluoroquinolone that is very active against many Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic clinical isolates, including strains resistant to other fluoroquinolones, was recently approved in Japan for the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections. Sitafloxacin is active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococci with reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin and other quinolones and enterococci.
- Seyedeh Bita Mousavinafchi, .et al. , Food Sci Nutr, 2022, Nov 21;11(2):1142-1153 PMID: 36789060
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NS5A inhibitor
BMS-790052 is an NS5A inhibitor under investigation for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.- Shirasaki T, .et al. , Hepatology., 2014, 60(5):1519-30 PMID: 24962339
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HIV-1 production Inhibitor
Baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and affects the GABA receptors.- Shoichi Ozawa, .et al. , Sci Rep, 2019, 9: 15464 PMID: 31664047
- Aztreonam is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (a monobactam), with the nucleus based on a simpler monobactam isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum.
- Sreevalli Sharma, .et al. , ACS Infect Dis, 2021, Nov 12;7(11):3009-3024 PMID: 34699190
- Pholwat S, .et al. , PLoS One, 2019, May 10;14(5):e0216747 PMID: 31075137
- Robert Bucki, .et al. , Infect Drug Resist, 2018, 11: 77-86 PMID: 29391814
- Sodium Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) is a water soluble bile salt, used for the treatment of gallstones and liver cirrhosis.
- Stella Liong, .et al. , Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2016, Apr 15;425:11-25 PMID: 26902174
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glucocorticoid receptor agonist
Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant. Its potency is about 20-30 times that of the naturally occurring hormone hydrocortisone and 4-5 times of prednisone.- Sudam S Mane, .et al. , J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2025, Nov 5;36(11):2480-2488 PMID: 41115840
- Sudam S Mane, .et al. , J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2024, Aug 26 PMID: 39186802
- Ken Kobayashi, .et al. , Cell Tissue Res, 2022, Sep;389(3):501-515 PMID: 35748981
- Reiko Watanabe, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2021, Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738 PMID: 33619967
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Hsp90 inhibitor
Geldanamycin binds to the ATP site of Hsp90 (Kd = 1.2 μM) and inhibits its chaperone activity.- Sunayn Cheku, .et al. , Fly (Austin), 2025, Apr 25;19(1):2497565 PMID: 40277072
- Michael Heider, .et al. , Mol Cell, 2021, Mar 18;81(6):1170-1186 PMID: 33571422
- SQ109 is an orally active, small molecule antibiotic for treatment of pulmonary T(tuberculosis).
- Thanh Quang Nguyen, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2022, Dec 20;66(12):e0044822 PMID: 36321819
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DprE inhibitor
Macozinone (PBTZ169) is a bactericidal benzothiazinone and a potent DprE1 (decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-oxidase) inhibitor.
- Thanh Quang Nguyen, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2022, Dec 20;66(12):e0044822 PMID: 36321819
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viral RNA polymerase inhibitor
T-705, a substituted pyrazine compound, has been found to exhibit potent anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo.
- Thomas R Lane, .et al. , ACS Infect Dis, 2026, May 8;12(5):1776-1789 PMID: 42052926
- Dylan M Johnson, .et al. , Viruses, 2024, Jul 9;16(7):1101 PMID: 39066263
- Steven B Tillis, .et al. , Microorganisms, 2023, May 24;11(6):1371 PMID: 37374873
- Hyeon-Min Cha, .et al. , ACS Infect Dis, 2023, Apr 14;9(4):1033-1045 PMID: 36912867
- Satoko Yamaoka, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2022, Apr;200:105291 PMID: 35296419
- Crystal A Mendoza, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2021, Jan;185:104993 PMID: 33296695
- Liva Checkmahomed, .et al. , Viruses, 2020, Oct; 12(10): 1139 PMID: 33049959
- JE Comer, .et al. , Viruses, 2019, Feb 3;11(2). pii: E137 PMID: 30717492
- Ma J, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2018, Feb;150:112-122 PMID: 29253498
- Ji-Ae Kim, .et al. , Viruses, 2018, Feb; 10(2): 72 PMID: 29425176
- Haejin Chun, .et al. , Polym Chem, 2018, 9: 2116-2123
- Baz M, .et al. , Viruses, 2018, Nov 3;10(11) PMID: 30400276
- Sehee Park, .et al. , PLoS One., 2014, 9(7): e101325 PMID: 24992479
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CCR5 antagonist
Vicriviroc Malate is a second generation orally active CCR5 antagonist, which is also a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 entry into target cells, with a mean IC50 =0.46 nM and IC50 =1~10 nM to HIV isolates (n=52).- Tomohiro Nabekura, .et al. , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, Dec; 59(12): 7666-7670 PMID: 26416870
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HCV NS5A inhibitor
BMS-790052 is an NS5A inhibitor under investigation for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.- TS Wahyuni, .et al. , Southeast Asian J Trop Med public health, 2020, 51(1)
- Miyayama Y, .et al. , Microbiol Immunol, 2019, Dec 19 PMID: 31854467
- Sato K, .et al. , Hepatol Res, 2018, Feb;48(3):E347-E353 PMID: 28834004
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HCV Protease Inhibitor
Boceprevir is a protease inhibitor used as a treatment for hepatitis C genotype 1.- Ueda Y, .et al. , Virus Res, 2017, May 2;235:37-48 PMID: 28322919
- Shirasaki T, .et al. , Hepatology., 2014, 60(5):1519-30 PMID: 24962339
- Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large R chain, which does not allow the beta-lactamases to bind.
- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
- Fusidate Sodium is a sodium salt form of fusidic acid, a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections.
- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
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antibiotic
Cefoxitin Sodium is a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It is derived from Cephamycin C and is highly resistance to β-lactamase inactivation.- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
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Topoisomerase IV inhibitor
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline, interfering with the bacterial DNA gyrase, inhibiting the DNA synthesis, and preventing bacterial cell growth.- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
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broad-spectrum antibiotic
Tobramycin Sulfate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, and especially potent against the Pseudomonas species.- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
- Ampicillin Trihydrate is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis (peptidoglycan cross-linking) by inactivating transpeptidases on the inner surface of the bacterial cell membrane.
- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
- Cefazolin Sodium is a semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.
- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
- Clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis by acting on the 50S ribosomal, used for the treatment of bacterial infections.
- Viktoria Lazar, .et al. , Nature, 2022, 610: 540-546 PMID: 36198788
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HCV Protease inhibitor
VX-222 is a small molecule non-nucleoside inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase that is being investigated for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.- Wataru Ito, .et al. , Antivir Chem Chemother, 2015, Dec; 24(5-6): 148-154 PMID: 27503576
- Hui Shen, .et al. , PLoS One., 2013, 8(12): e82299 PMID: 24358168
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DDX3 inhibitor
DDX3-IN-1 (Compound 16f) is a DEAD-box polypeptide 3 (DDX3) inhibitor with CC50s of 50 and 36 μM for HIV and HCV, respectively. Antiviral activity.- Wensheng Chen, .et al. , JCI Insight, 2023, Apr 10;8(7):e167566 PMID: 36821384
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NF-κB inhibitor
SC75741 is a potent NF-kB inhibitor with EC50 of 200 nM.- Yunshang Yang, .et al. , Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, Feb;158:114113 PMID: 36516692
- Yajun Li, .et al. , Cell Prolif, 2022, Oct;55(10) PMID: 35708050
- Crystal A Mendoza, .et al. , Antiviral Res, 2021, Jan;185:104993 PMID: 33296695
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Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
ABT-492 is a new fluoroquinolone against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens. -
Antifungal compound
Amorolfine hydrochloride, is a morpholine antifungal reagent that inhibits D14 reductase and D7-D8 isomerase, which depletes ergosterol and causes ignosterol to accumulate in the fungal cytoplasmic cell membranes. -
Derivative of artemisinin
Artemether has been shown to have significant anticancer and antitumor activities. It is demonstrated that artemether caused strong inhibitory effects on brain glioma growth and angiogenesis in rats. -
HIV Protease inhibitor
Atazanavir is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class. Like other antiretrovirals, it is used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). -
HIV Protease inhibitor
Atazanavir is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class. Like other antiretrovirals, it is used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). -
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Azomycin(2-Nitroimidazole) is an antimicrobial antibiotic produced by a strain of Nocardia mesenterica, which is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. -
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
BMS-707035 is an HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor. HIV-1 integrase (IN) represents a therapeutically advantageous viral target to treat HIV/AIDS in the clinic.
- Cefditoren pivoxil is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use.
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Dihydropyrimidinase Inhibitor
Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects. -
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Didanosine is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and used in combination with other antiretroviral drug therapy as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). -
NRT inhibitor
Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for the treatment of HIV infection. -
Antiviral agent
Famciclovir(BRL 42810) is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections. -
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor
Isoliquiritigenin is a licorice chalconoid, a type of natural phenols that is currently under experimentation phase testing for use as a cancer treatment as well as an aide for cocaine addiction. -
anthelmintic and immunomodulator
Levamisole hydrochloride is an anthelmintic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. - Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is active against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae (MICs = 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.03, 4, and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively).
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synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist
Methylprednisolone is an apoptosis inducer and was also found to inhibit human small cell lung cancer cell growth in vitro.

