Metabolism

Tartaric acid is an endogenous metabolite.

L-Lactic acid is used as a substrate for lactic acid dehydrogenase and lactate oxidase.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a dermatologic agent. It has also been used as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.

Octanoic acid is an antimicrobial pesticide used as a food contact surface sanitizer.

Sodium Dichloroacetate, also known as CPC-211; DCA; X-11S, is a Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of myocardia ischemia, ischemic. Sodium dichloroacetate also exhibits anti-leukemic activity in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and synergizes with the p53 activator Nutlin-3. Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) reduces apoptosis in colorectal tumor hypoxia.

2'-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is composed of the purine nucleoside guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose.

Adenosine diphosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-?Uridylic acid), a monophosphate form of UTP, can be acquired either from a de novo pathway or degradation products of nucleotides and nucleic acids in vivo and is a major nucleotide analogue in mammalian milk.

Undecanoic acid (Undecanoate) is a monocarboxylic acid with antimycotic property, which inhibits the production of exocellular keratinase, lipase and the biosynthesis of several phospholipids in T. rubrum.

Isocarboxazid is a non-selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, with an IC50 of 4.8 μM for rat brain monoamine oxidase in vitro.

Oxtriphylline is a cough medicine derived from xanthine that acts as a bronchodilator to open up airways in the lung. Chemically, it is a salt of choline and theophylline. It classifies as an expectorant.

L-(-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions.

Citicoline Sodium is a neuroprotective agent. It acts by enhancing cellular communication, stimulating the synthesis of SAMe, and increasing glucose metabolism.

Fondaparinux sodium is a factor Xa inhibitor to form the high affinity binding site for the anti-coagulant factor antithrombin III (ATIII).

L-lysine hydrochloride is an essential amino acid for humans with various benefits including treating herpes, increasing calcium absorption, reducing diabetes-related illnesses and improving gut health.

DL-Glutamine (Glutamin, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes.

L-SelenoMethionine, an L-isomer of Selenomethionine, is a major natural food-form of selenium. L-SelenoMethionin is a cancer chemopreventive agent that can reduce cancer incidence by dietary supplementation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells.

L-Asparagine is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.

Creatine is an amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Aspartic acid is one of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Methionine is a sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Cysteine is a thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid trisodium salt (EDTA trisodium salt) is used to bind metal ions in the practice of chelation therapy, for treating mercury and lead poisoning, used in a similar manner to remove excess iron from the body, for treating the complication of repeated blood transfusions, as would be applied to treat thalassaemia.

Lodenafil is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Toloxatone (MD 69276) is a reversible monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) inhibitor. Antidepressant.

Mirodenafil dihydrochloride (SK3530 dihydrochloride) is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor developed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA; Timnodonic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid.

Citicoline is a neuroprotective agent. It acts by enhancing cellular communication, stimulating the synthesis of SAMe, and increasing glucose metabolism.

Seratrodast is a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP receptor) antagonist used primarily in the treatment of asthma.

Iproniazid phosphate is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types A and B that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity.

Pyrithioxine HCl is a neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.

Undecylenic acid is a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. Undecylenic acid is an active ingredient in medications for skin infections, and to relieve itching, burning, and irritation associated with skin problems.

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium is a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group of a protein, involved in several important enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

Fosphenytoin Sodium is the sodium salt form of fosphenytoin, a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to the anticonvulsant phenytoin. It is an PDE3 (phosphodiesterase 3) inhibitor.

Tricaprilin, also known as Glyceryl trioctanoate, is a triglyceride drug candidate.

Sodium deoxycholate is a bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

Nifurtimox, an antiprotozoal agent, which is generally used for the treatment of infections with Trypanosoma cruzi, has been used in the therapy of neuroblastoma. Nifurtimox affects enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Polaprezinc is an orally bioavailable chelate composed of zinc and L-carnosine, with potential gastroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, polaprezinc increases the expression of various anti-oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), peroxidredoxin-1 (PRDX1; PRXI) and PRXD5 (PRXV) in the gastric mucosa, which protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Acenocoumarol is a coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of Warfarin. As a vitamin K antagonist, acenocoumarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, thereby inhibiting the reduction of vitamin K and the availability of vitamin KH2. This prevents gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues near the N-terminals of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, including factor II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S. This prevents their activity, preventing thrombin formation.

Dichlorisone acetate is a Glucocorticoid.

ST271 is a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), inhibits phospholipase D activation stimulated by fMet-Leu-Phe and PAF, with IC50s of 6.7 and 9 μM, respectively.

ML355 is a potent and selective inhibitor of 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) with an IC50 of 0.34 μM, shows excellent selectivity over related lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, and possesses favorable ADME properties.

Rovazolac is a liver x receptor (LXR) modulator extracted from patent WO2013130892A1.

(E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299.

ZT-12-037-01 is a potent, selective, ATP-competitive STK19 inhibitor. ZT-12-037-01 effectively blocks oncogenic NRAS-driven melanocyte malignant transformation and melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo.

(R)-Pantetheine is the biosynthetic precursor to CoA. (R)-Pantetheine and its corresponding disulfide pantethine, play a key role in metabolism as a building block of coenzyme A (CoA).

6-?Thioinosine (6TI) is a purine antimetabolite, acts as an anti-adipogenesis agent, downregulates mRNA levels of PPAR γ and C/EBPα, as well as PPAR γ target protein such as LPL, CD36, aP2, and LXRα.

Phortress, also known as NSC-710305 and 5F-DF-203-L-lysinamide, is a P450 CYP1A1-activated antitumor prodrug with antitumor activity. Phortress free base leads to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.

TPN171 is potent PDE5 inhibitor with subnanomolar potency for PDE5 and good selectivity over PDE6.