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MDM2 inhibitors disrupt the binding of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) to the tumor suppressor p53. In 1992 the MDM2 protein was shown to form a complex with p53 and inhibit p53-mediated transactivation. MDM2 is also an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the rapid degradation of p53, as reported in 1997. Nutlins, reported in 2004, occupy the p53-binding pocket of MDM2 and activate the p53 pathway in cells and in vivo. Nutlin 3a is the active enantiomer of nutlin-3, and Nutlin 3b is a much weaker enantiomer used as a control. RG7112 and APG-115 are further MDM2 inhibitors, while MD-224 is a degrader that removes MDM2 protein. SJ 172550 targets the MDM2 relative MDM4 (also called MDMX).
