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Stem cell reprogramming and differentiation reagents are small molecules that steer cell identity in culture. Chemical cocktails can replace or support transcription factors when somatic cells are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Frequent components include the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid and the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor tranylcypromine. RepSox blocks the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) type I receptor and can replace the transcription factor Sox2. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) with CHIR-99021 and of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) with PD0325901 keeps mouse embryonic stem cells in the ground state. Differentiation protocols use retinoic acid, the Hedgehog pathway agonists SAG and purmorphamine, and IDE1 for definitive endoderm.
