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IFNAR modulators act on the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR), which binds interferon alpha and beta. The receptor has two chains: IFNAR1 was cloned as a functional human interferon alpha receptor, and IFNAR2 was later characterized as the ligand-binding chain. Mice lacking type I interferon signaling are highly susceptible to viral infection. Products here include RO8191, a small-molecule IFNAR agonist, and IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride, which blocks the ligand-receptor interaction. The section also lists 2',3'-cGAMP, an upstream inducer of type I interferon, and IRF5-IN-1, which targets the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) transcription factor.