Fig. 1 · Structure

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Indomethacin

Cat. No. A10474 CAS 53-86-1

COX inhibitor

Indomethacin is a nonselective COX1 and COX2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.1 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, respectively. Indomethacin(Indocid, Indocin) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound commonly used to reduce fever, pain, stiffness, and swelling.

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Publications for Indomethacin

3 publications citing this product

  1. Reiko Watanabe, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2021, Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738 PMID: 33619967
  2. Azuma T, .et al. , Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017, Aug;24(23):19021-19030 PMID: 28660504
  3. Azuma T, .et al. , Sci Total Environ, 2016, Apr 1;548-549:189-197 PMID: 26802347

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Biological Activity

Bioactivity / Mechanism

Indomethacin inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 activity. A purified-enzyme assay reported IC50 values of 27 nM for ovine COX-1, 127 nM for murine COX-2 and 180 nM for human COX-2 after inhibitor preincubation. [1]

Reported potency depends on the experimental assay. A separate oxygen-uptake study using 50 μM arachidonic acid reported an indomethacin IC50 of 2 μM for murine COX-2 after 15 min preincubation. [2]

Literature-reported observations and conditions; not Adooq-tested protocols or general treatment recommendations.

Target & Activity

Target Activity Value
COX1 0.28 μM
COX-2 14 μM

Cellular Effect

Cell Line Activity Value Description Reference
2008 IC50 12.6 μM Inhibition of MRP1 expressed in human 2008 cells assessed as calcein AM accumulation by cell based assay [PMID: 21354800]
A549 IC50 > 100 μM Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 20583750]
A549 IC50 > 50 μM Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 32987314]
A549 IC50 > 50 μM Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 32987314]
A549 IC50 > 50 μM Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 32987314]
A549 IC50 40.6 μM Inhibition of mPGES-1 in human IL-1beta-stimulated A549 cell microsomes assessed as inhibition of PGE2 formation from PGH2 after 15 mins by RP-HPLC analysis [PMID: 22992107]
Bel-7402 IC50 > 100 μM Antiproliferative activity against human Bel7402 cells after 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay [PMID: 28301815]
Bel7402/5-FU IC50 > 100 μM Antiproliferative activity against human Bel7402/5-FU cells after 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay [PMID: 28301815]
BJ IC50 > 50 μM Cytotoxicity against human BJ cells after 72 hrs by luminescence assay [PMID: 20129783]
BV-2 IC50 34.5 μM Antineuroinflammatory activity in human BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 10 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay [PMID: 27120704]
BV-2 IC50 35.7 μM Inhibition of LPS-activated nitric oxide production in mouse BV2 cells pre-treated for 60 mins before LPS challenge for 24 hrs by Griess assay [PMID: 26348503]
BV-2 IC50 7.1 μM Antiinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess assay [PMID: 24042007]
CHO IC50 0.026 μM In vitro inhibition of PGE-2 produced by arachidonic acid-stimulated CHO cells stably expressing human Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 [PMID: 9873621]
CHO IC50 0.049 μM Inhibition of PGE-2 production by arachidonic acid-stimulated CHO cells expressing human Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 10.1016/S0960-894X(96)00501-X
CHO IC50 25 μM Modulation of gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of human APP expressed in CHO cells with human presenilin-1 assessed as inhibition of amyloid beta42 production after 24 hrs by ELISA [PMID: 20503989]
CHO IC50 25 μM Modulation of gamma-secretase expressed in CHO cells co-expressing human APP and wild type human presenilin-1 assessed as inhibition of amyloid beta42 production by ELISA [PMID: 21873070]
COS-7 IC50 > 1000 μM Cytotoxicity against African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 32527536]
CV-1 EC50 50 μM Activation of GAL4 fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey CV1 cells by CAT reporter assay [PMID: 16643023]
DU-145 IC50 > 100 μM Antiproliferative activity against human DU-145 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay [PMID: 36257283]

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In Vitro Studies

Purified COX isoform inhibition

Biochemical assay · Purified hematin-reconstituted ovine COX-1, murine COX-2 and human COX-2 [1]

Indomethacin inhibited all three enzymes, with lower IC50 for ovine COX-1 than either COX-2 preparation. Values average at least two independent determinations.

Measured endpoints — not treatment concentrations
EndpointReported resultReference
Arachidonic acid conversion by ovine COX-1IC50 27 nM[1]
Arachidonic acid conversion by murine COX-2IC50 127 nM[1]
Arachidonic acid conversion by human COX-2IC50 180 nM[1]

Literature-Reported Treatment Conditions

Treatment concentration
Varying indomethacin concentrations; 50 μM [1-14C]arachidonic acid substrate
Exposure duration
17 min preincubation at 25 °C, then 3 min at 37 °C; substrate reaction 30 s at 37 °C
Method
Time-dependent COX inhibition screening assay; 100 mM Tris-HCl with 500 μM phenol
Vehicle
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Reported limits
Figure 3 caption does not define an error-bar statistic. No lot-specific indomethacin characterization supplied.
Methods and source locations

Compound reported in the paper: Indomethacin; Compound label in the paper: INDO

Compound-level research evidence; no Adooq lot or purity validation.

Figure 3A/caption and adjacent results; SI pp. 2–4

Arachidonic acid conversion by ovine COX-1: Radiolabeled substrate consumption by thin-layer chromatography — Figure 3A/caption; SI pp. 3–4, Enzymes and COX Inhibition Screening Assay

Arachidonic acid conversion by murine COX-2: Radiolabeled substrate consumption by thin-layer chromatography — Figure 3A/caption; SI pp. 3–4, Enzymes and COX Inhibition Screening Assay

Arachidonic acid conversion by human COX-2: Radiolabeled substrate consumption by thin-layer chromatography — Figure 3A/caption; SI pp. 3–4, Enzymes and COX Inhibition Screening Assay

Murine COX-2 arachidonic-acid oxygenation

Biochemical assay · Purified murine COX-2; 50 μM arachidonic acid [2]

After 15 min preincubation, indomethacin inhibited arachidonic-acid oxygenation with IC50 2 μM. Oxygen uptake was normalized to a DMSO control. The result is assay-specific.

Measured endpoints — not treatment concentrations
EndpointReported resultReference
Murine COX-2 oxygenation of arachidonic acidIC50 2 μM[2]

Literature-Reported Treatment Conditions

Treatment concentration
Varying indomethacin concentrations; 50 μM arachidonic acid
Exposure duration
15 min inhibitor preincubation before substrate addition
Method
Oxygen-uptake assay
Vehicle
Dimethyl sulfoxide control
Reported limits
Indomethacin-specific tested range, enzyme concentration, temperature and replicate/error-bar semantics not stated in acquired Figure 3 methods/caption.
Methods and source locations

Compound reported in the paper: Indomethacin; Compound label in the paper: Indomethacin

Compound-level applicability; no Adooq supplier attribution or lot equivalence.

Figure 3/caption and adjacent indomethacin paragraphs

Murine COX-2 oxygenation of arachidonic acid: Oxygen-uptake rate normalized to DMSO control — Figure 3/caption; paragraph beginning “Several arylcarboxylic acids…”

In Vivo Studies

In acute carrageenan-induced paw edema in Sprague–Dawley rats, oral indomethacin reduced swelling versus corn-oil vehicle, with a reported EC50 of 1.0 mg/kg. Treatment was given 1 h after challenge and paw volume measured 2 h later; indomethacin was tested only up to 2 mg/kg. [1]

Acute carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

Animal study · Sprague–Dawley rats (125–150 g), carrageenan-induced footpad edema [1]

Oral indomethacin reduced edema relative to corn-oil vehicle, with reported dose-response EC50 1.0 mg/kg. Indomethacin was tested only up to 2 mg/kg; this was not a general safety assessment.

Measured endpoints — not treatment concentrations
EndpointReported resultReference
Reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema versus vehicleEC50 1.0 mg/kg[1]

Conditions shared by the study groups

Route
Oral gavage
Frequency
Single administration
Treatment course
1 h after carrageenan; endpoint 2 h after treatment
Vehicle
Corn oil
Study groups and reported outcomes
Group / doseComparatorObserved resultReference
Indomethacin
Tested up to 2 mg/kg
Corn-oil vehicle; swelling referenced to preinjection volumeReduced paw edema; reported EC50 1.0 mg/kg[1]
Indomethacin
Model: Sprague–Dawley rats, carrageenan paw edema
Reported limits: Sex and group size not stated in acquired animal methods; exact dose-group list not tabulated.
Methods and source locations

Compound reported in the paper: Indomethacin; Compound label in the paper: INDO

Compound-level research evidence; no Adooq lot or purity validation.

Figure 5 and adjacent in-vivo results; SI p. 4

Reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema versus vehicle: Plethysmometer 2 h after treatment; swelling relative to preinjection volume compared with vehicle — Figure 5 and adjacent results; SI p. 4, Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in the Rat

Indomethacin · Figure 5 and adjacent results; SI p. 4

Specifications

Manufacturer Adooq Bioscience
Actions Inhibitor
CAS Number 53-86-1
Applications COX inhibitor
Formula C19H16ClNO4
Molecular Weight 357.79
Synonyms Indochron E-R; Indocin-SR; Indocid; Indocin
SMILES
CC1=C(C2=C(N1C(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl)C=CC(=C2)OC)CC(=O)O

Storage & Solubility

In Vitro Solubility

Reported Solubility

SolventReported Solubility
DMSO 63 mg/mL (176.08 mM)
Water Insoluble
Ethanol 21 mg/mL (58.69 mM)

Preparing Stock Solutions

Stock preparation is unavailable for this product molecular weight.

Calculated stock concentrations do not establish solvent solubility. Refer to the reported solubility data for experimental guidance.

In Vivo Preparation

Concentration
1 mg/mL
Vehicle
5% DMSO+30% PEG 300+5% Tween 80+ddH2O

Storage

Store powder at -20°C, keep desiccated.
In powder form, the chemical is stable for 36 months.
In solution, store at -20°C and use within 1 month to prevent loss of potency. Aliquot to avoid multiple freeze/thaw cycles.

Research References

  1. [1] Anna L Blobaum, Md Jashim Uddin, Andrew S Felts, et al. The 2'-Trifluoromethyl Analogue of Indomethacin Is a Potent and Selective COX-2 Inhibitor ACS medicinal chemistry letters (2013). PMID: 23687559 DOI: 10.1021/ml400066a Source material
  2. [2] Jeffery J. Prusakiewicz, Kelsey C. Duggan, Carol A. Rouzer, et al. Differential sensitivity and mechanism of inhibition of COX-2 oxygenation of arachidonic acid and 2-arachidonoylglycerol by ibuprofen and mefenamic acid Biochemistry (2009). PMID: 19603831 DOI: 10.1021/bi900999z Source material

Publications

3 publications citing this product

  1. Reiko Watanabe, .et al. , J Med Chem, 2021, Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738 PMID: 33619967
  2. Azuma T, .et al. , Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017, Aug;24(23):19021-19030 PMID: 28660504
  3. Azuma T, .et al. , Sci Total Environ, 2016, Apr 1;548-549:189-197 PMID: 26802347

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