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Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitors and uncouplers act on ATP production in mitochondria. In OXPHOS, the respiratory chain pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and ATP synthase uses the resulting gradient to make ATP, as the chemiosmotic hypothesis proposed. Inhibitors of single complexes are used to study cells that depend on mitochondrial respiration. Examples here include IACS-010759, a complex I inhibitor tested in models of leukemia and brain cancer, and gboxin, which inhibits OXPHOS in glioblastoma cells. FCCP collapses the proton gradient, and S3QEL 2 suppresses superoxide production at complex III.
