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Interleukin (IL) receptor modulators act on cytokine signaling through shared receptor chains or interleukin production. Many interleukin receptors share signaling subunits, such as glycoprotein 130 (gp130) used by IL-6 and related cytokines. SC-144 binds gp130 and blocks signaling downstream of this subunit. IL-12 and IL-23 share a p40 subunit, which pairs with p35 in IL-12 and with p19 in IL-23. Apilimod inhibits production of both cytokines and suppresses T helper 1 (Th1) responses in cell and animal models. Suplatast tosilate reduces IL-4 and IL-5 production by T helper 2 cells, and IX 207-887 inhibits IL-1 release.
