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Glycerolipids are acylglycerols, in which one, two or three fatty acids are esterified to a glycerol backbone. Monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols differ in the number of acyl chains and in the positions they occupy. Monoolein, a monoacylglycerol, forms cubic and other liquid crystalline phases in water and is used in membrane protein studies. Diacylglycerols include positional isomers such as 1,3-Dipalmitin and stereospecific species such as 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol. The sn-1,2-diacylglycerols act as second messengers that activate protein kinase C. Defined species such as 18:0-22:6 DG, a stearoyl and docosahexaenoyl diacylglycerol (DG), serve as lipidomics standards. Triacylglycerols, the main storage lipids of animals and plants, are represented by mixed-acid species.
