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ATM and ATR inhibitors act on ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases. The ATM gene was cloned in 1995 and encodes a protein similar to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). ATR was cloned in 1996 as a candidate human cell cycle checkpoint protein. ATM responds mainly to DNA double-strand breaks, whereas ATR is activated by stalled replication forks. KU-55933, described in 2004 as a specific ATM inhibitor, is joined by KU-60019 and AZD0156. Ceralasertib, VE-821 and BAY-1895344 inhibit ATR and are used to study replication stress. Broader inhibitors of PI3K-related kinases, such as wortmannin, also appear in this list. Inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase are listed in the sibling category DNA-PK.
GJ071 oxalate is an ATM kinase activity inducer that targets ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. It is specifically designed for use in A-T cells harboring homozygous TGA or TAG stop codons. This compound enhances ATM kinase activity, facilitating studies on DNA damage response mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for ataxia telangiectasia and related disorders.
