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Amylase compounds include the starch-digesting enzyme, oligosaccharide substrates and glycosidase inhibitors. Alpha-amylases cleave internal α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch and glycogen and release maltose and short dextrins. Salivary and pancreatic amylases start starch digestion, and the structure of human salivary amylase was solved at 1.6 Å resolution in 1996. In 2007, copy number of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) was found to be higher in populations with high-starch diets. The list holds the enzyme itself as Amylase and the defined substrate maltotetraose for activity assays. Deoxynojirimycin, an iminosugar that inhibits glucosidases I and II, represents the glycosidase inhibitors. Other entries are mixed, such as proglumide sodium salt and the stilbene gnetol.
Proglumide sodium salt is a non-selective cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist. It inhibits CCK-stimulated amylase secretion and prevents CCK-induced 2-deoxyglucose uptake in mouse pancreatic acini.
Synonyms: Amylotetraose; Fujioligo 450; α-1,4-Tetraglucose
Maltotetraose is a carbohydrate compound that serves as a substrate for enzyme-linked assays to measure amylase activity in biological fluids. Its primary biological activity includes the reduction of TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses through inhibition of NF-κB activity and decreased expression of ICAM-1. Additionally, maltotetraose inhibits PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neovascularization. Its derivatives can also be utilized as probes for detecting bacterial infections by targeting the maltodextrin transporter, making maltotetraose a valuable tool in research related to atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases.
BIM-26226 is a selective antagonist of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and bombesin (BN) receptor, exhibiting an IC50 of 6 nM. This compound effectively inhibits BN- or GRP-stimulated amylase release with IC50 values of 0.3 nM and 0.2 nM, respectively. BIM-26226 shows high specificity for the GRP-preferring BN receptor subtype and does not interfere with the GRP receptor system. Additionally, it can induce the synthesis of somatostatin receptors while demonstrating no significant effect on tumor growth, making it valuable for research into neuropeptide signaling and related biological pathways.
ICI 216140 is a potent GRP/bombesin receptor 2 antagonist with an IC50 value of 2 nM. This compound effectively inhibits Bombesin-stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion and mitigates Bombesin-induced increases in blood pressure. ICI 216140 is valuable for research into the physiological roles of bombesin receptors and their implications in various pathophysiological conditions.
![[D-Phe12]-Bombesin](https://www.adooq.com/media/catalog/product/cache/16359f9c8ddfa823fcb5503b1e11b7ae/a/5/a59110-d-phe12-bombesin.gif)
[D-Phe12]-Bombesin is a bombesin receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 4.7 μM. This compound effectively inhibits bombesin-induced amylase release, exhibiting an IC50 of 4 μM. It is valuable for research applications exploring the role of bombesin receptors in physiological and pathological processes, particularly in studies related to neuroendocrine signaling and cancer biology.
A-65186 is a cholecystokinin (CCK) A receptor antagonist that effectively inhibits CCK8-induced amylase secretion. This compound exhibits high binding affinity for pancreatic CCK-A receptors and demonstrates over 500-fold selectivity for CCK-A over CCK-B receptors. It serves as a valuable tool in research focused on gastrointestinal physiology and the role of CCK signaling in pancreatic function.
Synonyms: Maltopentose
Maltopentaose is a substrate for α-amylases, serving as the shortest chain oligosaccharide. This compound is classified as maltodextrin and is instrumental in studies examining glycation and phosphorylation of α-lactalbumin. Additionally, maltopentaose facilitates the investigation of inhibition kinetics in human pancreatic α-amylase by compounds such as dehydrodieugenol B, making it valuable for enzyme kinetics and carbohydrate-related research.
Synonyms: pNP-G7
Ethylidene-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltoheptaoside serves as a substrate for α-amylase, facilitating the assessment of enzyme activity. Upon degradation by α-amylase, along with auxiliary enzymes like α-glucosidase, it releases a chromophore that enables quantification of amylase activity. This reagent is particularly valuable in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and other related disorders.
Lotusine hydroxide is an alkaloid that functions as a signaling pathway modulator and enzyme inhibitor. It exhibits notable inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 30.60 μg/mL and 36.15 μg/mL, respectively. Lotusine hydroxide effectively inhibits the EGFR-Akt-ERK signaling pathway by decreasing phosphorylated levels of EGFR, Akt, and ERK, leading to apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and reduced cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, it enhances antioxidant enzyme activities and is relevant for research on non-small cell lung cancer, type 2 diabetes, and autism spectrum disorder.
A-57696 is a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist that selectively targets cortical CCK-B receptors with an IC50 of 25 nM. It functions as a competitive antagonist, effectively reversing CCK8-induced pancreatic alpha-amylase secretion and phosphatidylinositol degradation, while also inhibiting CCK8-induced gallbladder contraction. Notably, A-57696 exhibits partial agonist activity at CCK-B/gastrin receptors on NCI-H345 cells, eliciting up to 80% of the maximal CCK8 response. This compound serves as a valuable tool in research focused on gastrointestinal physiology and the modulation of CCK-related pathways.
Maltogenic amylase is an enzyme that targets maltoamylase, facilitating the hydrolysis of starch into shorter oligosaccharides. It exhibits significant biological activity in starch degradation and is instrumental in various biotechnological applications, including the food industry and biofuel production. Innovations in enzyme engineering enhance its reaction kinetics and substrate selectivity while allowing for activity modulation under varying pH conditions, enabling precise control in dynamic environments.
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Oligo-α-1,6-Glucosidase from Bacillus cereus ATCC7064 is a hydrolase enzyme that specifically targets and hydrolyzes oligosaccharides containing α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. This enzyme catalyzes the exo hydrolysis of α-1,6-glucoside linkages from nonreducing ends of substrates such as panose, palatinose, α-limit dextrins, and isomaltooligosaccharides. Oligo-α-1,6-Glucosidase plays a crucial role in the degradation of starch and glycogen, complementing the activity of α-amylase in the complete hydrolysis of amylopectin. Its applications include studies of carbohydrate metabolism and enzymatic processes involved in starch breakdown.
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G3-CNP is a substrate for α-amylase, specifically designed to facilitate the monitoring of enzyme activity. Upon cleavage by α-amylase, G3-CNP generates 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, which can be quantitatively measured at an absorbance of 405 nm. This compound serves as a valuable tool in enzymatic assays for the assessment of carbohydrate metabolism and related biochemical research applications.
Gal-G2-CNP serves as a substrate specifically for the quantitative determination of novel amylase and pancreatic amylase activities. This galactopyranosylmaltoside compound provides a valuable tool for enzyme characterization and kinetic studies, enhancing the understanding of carbohydrate metabolism. Its application is crucial in the study of digestive enzymes, facilitating advancements in biochemical and clinical research.
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl-β-D-maltotrioside is a chromogenic substrate that specifically targets α-amylase activity. It is utilized in bioluminescent and fluorescent assays, providing a valuable tool for the detection and quantification of α-amylase in various biological samples. This reagent is essential for studies involving carbohydrate metabolism and enzyme activity assays.
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