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Acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) compounds and enzyme cofactors supply activated substrates and redox carriers for assays. Acyl-CoA thioesters carry acyl groups through fatty acid metabolism and serve as substrates for acyltransferases, dehydrogenases and carboxylases. Crotonyl-CoA is a short-chain unsaturated thioester and the acyl donor for histone lysine crotonylation. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and its phosphorylated form NADPH donate electrons to dehydrogenases and reductases. NADPH is offered in several salt forms, including NADPH tetrasodium salt. Sapropterin dihydrochloride is a synthetic form of tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. Coenzyme FO, a deazaflavin, is the precursor of coenzyme F420 and a light-harvesting chromophore in some DNA photolyases.
Biotin-NAD+ is a biotin-conjugated form of β-NAD+ that serves as a substrate for poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. This reagent is essential for biochemical analysis, particularly in applications such as Western blotting, ELISA, and immunoprecipitation. Its role in monitoring PARP activity makes it valuable for research into DNA repair mechanisms and cellular stress responses.
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Synonyms: Fluoroacetyl-coenzyme A
Fluoroacetyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as an important substrate in metabolic and biochemical studies. It acts primarily as an acetyl donor in various enzymatic reactions, facilitating the introduction of fluorinated functional groups into biological molecules. This compound is valuable for research applications in metabolic engineering, drug design, and the study of metabolic pathways involving acetyl-CoA. Its unique fluorinated structure allows for the tracing and monitoring of metabolic processes in live cells.
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Dephospho-CoA is a critical substrate for GTP-dependent Dephospho-CoA kinase (DPCK), catalyzing the final step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). This compound plays a vital role in energy metabolism and cellular signal transduction processes. Research applications include investigations into cancer, specifically regarding the regulation of cell proliferation, as well as studies on metabolic disorders such as mitochondrial dysfunction.
CoA-S-S-CoA is an endogenous metabolite primarily involved in cellular metabolism, acting as a substrate for the NOXA2 enzyme. This compound plays a critical role in redox regulation and cellular signaling pathways. Its utility in research encompasses studies related to oxidative stress and metabolic functions in various biological contexts.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme that catalyzes the substrate-level phosphorylation step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This enzyme plays a crucial role in mitochondrial metabolism by facilitating the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate while generating ATP or GTP. Its activity is essential for energy production and metabolic regulation in various biological processes, making it a valuable target for research in bioenergetics and mitochondrial function.
Synonyms: UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid ammonium
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid ammonium (UDP-GlcA) is a cofactor involved in various biochemical pathways, primarily serving as a substrate for C4-epimerases and decarboxylases. It plays a critical role in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis, facilitating the production of UDP-galacturonic acid and UDP-pentose derivatives. As a glucuronic acid donor, UDP-GlcA is valuable in research focused on the conjugation of bilirubin within the endoplasmic reticulum, providing insights into metabolic processes and drug metabolism.
Synonyms: (E)-Cinnamoyl-coenzyme A
(E)-Cinnamoyl-CoA serves as a substrate for 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase, playing a critical role in various biochemical pathways. This compound is important for studies involving fatty acid metabolism and the regulation of lipid biosynthesis. Its application in research can enhance the understanding of cellular processes that involve CoA derivatives and their enzymatic interactions.
Synonyms: Hexacosanoyl coenzyme A triammonium
26:0 Coenzyme A is a derivative of coenzyme A that serves as a substrate for 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase isoform 11 (AGPAT11). This compound plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. It is useful in research applications focused on metabolic pathways involving glycerolipids and enzyme characterization.
Heneicosanoyl-CoA is a fatty acyl-CoA derivative that serves as a substrate for Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (VLCAD). It plays a critical role in the anaerobic electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) assay, facilitating the investigation of fatty acid oxidation pathways. This compound is essential for studying metabolic disorders related to VLCAD and other acyl-CoA metabolism in various biological systems.
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Deamino-NAD is a structural analog of NAD+ that serves as a substrate for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) in glycolytic pathways. With a Km of 2300 pM and a Kd of 112 pM, it is utilized in biochemical studies to explore carbohydrate metabolism and enzyme kinetics. Its role as a GPDH substrate makes it valuable for research applications in metabolic regulation and enzyme activity assays.
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Synonyms: Isobutyryl-coenzyme A
Isobutyryl-CoA is a substrate for isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, playing a critical role in fatty acid metabolism. It is involved in the biochemical pathway of isobutyric acid degradation and is crucial for energy production in certain bacterial species. This compound is valuable for research in metabolic pathways, enzymatic activity, and biochemical assays related to cellular energy metabolism.
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2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium serves as a substrate and inactivator of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, as well as other enoyl-CoA reductases. This compound interacts with short-chain and medium-chain CoA dehydrogenases and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase but exhibits no activity against wild-type isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. In addition to its role in the L-isoleucine catabolic pathway, 2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium is useful for studying 3-ketothiolase activity and has relevance in research focused on 3-ketothiolase deficiency.
Synonyms: Ibuprofenyl-coenzyme A
Ibuprofenyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that acts as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions. It plays a critical role in metabolic pathways involving ibuprofen, facilitating its conversion into active metabolites. This compound is useful for research applications focused on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, particularly in studies examining nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) effects on cellular processes.
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Synonyms: Glutarylcoenzyme A
Glutaryl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as an important substrate in various metabolic pathways, particularly in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids. Its key biological activity involves the transfer of acyl groups, facilitating the synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. Glutaryl-CoA is utilized in research focused on metabolic disorders and enzyme activity assays, providing insights into biochemical pathways and cellular metabolism.
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Synonyms: Pelargonoyl-CoA; S-Nonanoate coenzyme A; Nonanoyl-coenzyme A
Nonanoyl-CoA, a medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA, serves as a substrate for medium-chain hydrolases. Its role as a substrate facilitates the study of lipid metabolism and enzymatic reactions involving acyl-CoA derivatives. Researchers can utilize Nonanoyl-CoA in biochemical assays to investigate its biological activities and the mechanisms of hydrolase enzymes.
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Arachidonoyl CoA triammonium serves as a coenzyme substrate in the synthesis of Arachidonoyl amino acids. It demonstrates a direct interaction with FadR, inhibiting its binding to DNA targets, thereby impacting fatty acid metabolism. This compound is valuable in studies focusing on lipid biochemistry and gene regulation.
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Synonyms: Fluoromalonyl-coenzyme A
Fluoromalonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions in metabolic pathways. This compound is utilized in research focusing on metabolic flux analysis and enzyme kinetics, particularly in studies related to fatty acid metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. Its unique fluorinated structure enables enhanced detection and tracking in biological assays, providing valuable insight into cellular metabolic processes.
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Synonyms: 9Z,12Z; 15Z-Octadecatrienoyl-coenzyme A; alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA; alpha-Linolenoyl-coenzyme A
9Z,12Z,15Z-Octadecatrienoyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as a crucial substrate in fatty acid metabolism. This compound is involved in lipid biosynthesis and plays a role in the modulation of energy metabolism and acyl-CoA signaling pathways. It is utilized in research on metabolic pathways, lipid regulation, and enzyme activity associated with fatty acid derivatives.
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Synonyms: (3E)-tetradecenoyl-coenzyme A
(3E)-tetradecenoyl-CoA is an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA derivative that acts as a substrate for various enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. This compound plays a crucial role in lipid biosynthesis and energy production, making it valuable in metabolic studies. It is also utilized in research related to cellular signaling and the regulation of fatty acid oxidation.
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Synonyms: Coenzyme A,S-(chloroacetate)
S-(Chloroacetate)-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that functions as a critical substrate in various biochemical pathways. It plays a significant role in the metabolism of fatty acids and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA, essential for energy production and biosynthetic processes. This reagent is valuable for research applications involving metabolic control, enzymatic assays, and the study of CoA-dependent reactions.
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Synonyms: L-Methionine-coenzyme A
L-Methionine-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as an important biological substrate involved in various metabolic pathways. This compound plays a critical role in the synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids and is integral to cellular methylation processes. L-Methionine-CoA is utilized in research focusing on metabolism, epigenetics, and the regulation of gene expression. Its application may extend to studies on cellular energy transfer and oxidative stress responses.
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Synonyms: N-Benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoseryl-coenzyme A
N-Benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoseryl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as a crucial substrate in metabolic pathways. This compound plays a significant role in studies related to lipid metabolism and enzymatic activity. Its application in biochemical research provides insights into various physiological processes and can enhance understanding of CoA-dependent reactions.
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Synonyms: 8-Methyl-6-nonenoyl-coenzyme A
8-Methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that plays a crucial role in metabolic pathways as a substrate for acyl-CoA synthases. This compound is significant in the study of fatty acid metabolism and the regulation of lipid biosynthesis. Researchers can utilize 8-Methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA in investigations related to energy production and the enzymatic mechanisms of acylation processes.
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Synonyms: 1-Hexadecanosulfonyl-O-L-Serine-coenzyme A
1-Hexadecanosulfonyl-O-L-Serine-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions. This compound is important in lipid metabolism and the regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Research applications include studying metabolic pathways and the role of coenzyme A in cellular energy production.
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Synonyms: Mandelyl-coenzyme A; Alphahydroxyphenyl-CoA; Alphahydroxyphenyl coenzyme A
Mandelyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that serves as a critical substrate in various biochemical pathways. This compound plays a significant role in the metabolism of aromatic compounds and is essential for the synthesis of specific metabolites. Research applications include studies on metabolic engineering and investigations into the enzymatic processes involving coenzyme A derivatives.
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