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Endogenous metabolites are small molecules made by the body's own metabolism, such as amino acids and steroids. They are used as metabolomics standards, as enzyme substrates and as tools to probe how metabolic pathways are regulated. L-Citrulline, an intermediate of the urea cycle, is also formed when nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid intermediate on the route to cortisol. Prostaglandin E1 represents the eicosanoids, a group of lipid mediators derived from fatty acids. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the cofactor used by sirtuins.
Palmitoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid-derived mitochondrial substrate, and selectively decreases cell survival in colorectal and prostate cancer cells by affecting on pro-inflammatory pathways, Ca2+ influx, and DHT-like effects.
Synonyms: Palmityl alcohol
1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol that acts as a lipophilic substrate, primarily serving as an endogenous metabolite. This compound is valuable in research on ferroptosis, providing insights into lipid metabolism and cellular oxidative stress. Its applications extend to studies exploring the mechanisms underlying cell death pathways and the role of lipid peroxidation.
Synonyms: Paralactic acid; L-(+)-Lactic acid; PH 90; Sarcolactic acid; Sarcolacticum acidum; Tisulac; BRN 1720251
L-Lactic acid is used as a substrate for lactic acid dehydrogenase and lactate oxidase.
Synonyms: Beta-cyano-l-alanine
β-cyano-L-Alanine (Beta-cyano-l-alanine), a nitrile of widespread occurrence in higher plants, is enzymatically produced by cyanoalanine synthase from cyanide and cysteine as substrates. β-cyano-L-Alanine abolishes the protective effect of ethanol on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
Hydroxypyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycine, serine and threonine. It is a substrate for Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase and Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase.
Synonyms: 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol
Veratryl alcohol (3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol), a secondary metabolite of some lignin degrading fungi, is commonly used nonphenolic substrate for assaying ligninolytic activity.
Synonyms: 3-O-methyl Dopamine
3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.
Tomatidine hydrochloride acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling. Tomatidine hydrochloride activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid (3-HAA, 3-HANA), a tryptophan metabolite, has an immunomodulatory effect that may result from inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activity, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (dUMP) is a substrate for thymidylate synthase and is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). The inhibition of dUMP to dTMP at the methylation step is a key in controlling bacterial and eukaryotic cell growth.
5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) is an endogenous substrate of DNA methyltransferases, including mammalian 5-C-MTase, and binds to DNA in a manner dependent on DNA stem-loop structure formation. It directs de novo DNA methylation by serving as a methylation mark, promoting methylation of adjacent CpG sites in single-stranded DNA via cis-acting mechanisms. 5mdC regulates DNA methylation patterns by recruiting methyltransferases to specific chromatin regions, influencing chromatin condensation and gene expression. In plant cells, its distribution correlates with cell proliferation and differentiation stages, with lower methylation levels in proliferating cells and higher levels in differentiated cells.
Homogentisic acid lactone is a fungal metabolite that exhibits significant fungicidal activity, notably against the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. This compound is derived from the fungus WF5 and serves as a valuable substrate for assessing serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) activity in biochemical research. Its unique mode of action and biological properties make it an important tool in studies related to fungal pathogenesis and enzyme activity assessment.
N1-Acetylspermidine hydrochloride is an acetyl derivative of polyamines, serving as a substrate for polyamine oxidase (PAO). It has been shown to promote apoptosis, particularly in conjunction with procyanidins, and demonstrates cleavage efficiency at apurinic sites in DNA. This compound has valuable applications in colorectal cancer research, facilitating investigations into polyamine metabolism and its implications in tumorigenesis.
Synonyms: 4-Nitrophenylphosphorylcholine; O-(4-Nitrophenylphosphoryl)choline
p-Nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine serves as a chromogenic substrate for assessing phospholipase C (PLC) activity. The hydrolysis of this compound by PLC yields p-nitrophenol, which can be quantified spectrophotometrically at 405 nm, under optimal conditions of pH 7.2-7.5. This reagent is valuable for studies involving lipid signaling pathways and enzyme kinetics in biochemical research.
Synonyms: DepNA
N-Decanoyl p-Nitroaniline is a substrate for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), enabling the quantification of this enzyme's activity. FAAH, which exhibits broad substrate specificity, hydrolyzes various fatty acid amides, including those with shorter carbon chains. Upon hydrolysis of N-Decanoyl p-Nitroaniline, the release of the chromogenic p-nitroaniline dye allows for sensitive and rapid assessment of FAAH activity via spectrophotometric analysis in a 96-well format. This compound is useful for research involving endocannabinoid signaling and metabolic regulation.
Estradiol 3-glucuronide is a glucuronide conjugate and an important metabolite of estradiol, synthesized through the action of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases primarily in the liver. This compound serves as a potent substrate for MRP2, exhibiting an S50 value of 55.7 μM. Estradiol 3-glucuronide plays a crucial role in hepatobiliary transport mechanisms, involving basolateral uptake via OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, along with apical efflux through MRP2 and BCRP. Its study is significant in understanding estrogen metabolism and transport in hepatic tissues.
Estradiol 3-glucuronide sodium is an estrogen metabolite that serves as a glucuronide conjugate, formed in tissues like the liver through the action of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase. It acts as a potent substrate for the multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2), with an S50 value of 55.7 μM. This compound plays a critical role in hepatobiliary transport, utilizing basolateral uptake via organic anion-transporting polypeptides OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, as well as apical efflux through MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Its applications extend to studies on estrogen metabolism and transport mechanisms in liver physiology.
Stearoyl-L-carnitine chloride is an endogenous long-chain acylcarnitine that serves as a modulator of glycine transport. It exhibits inhibitory activity on the GlyT2 receptor, reducing glycine responses by 16.8% at concentrations up to 3 μM. This compound is of interest in research focusing on neurotransmitter regulation and metabolic processes related to acylcarnitines.
Synonyms: 24S-OHC; 24S-HC; Cerebrosterol
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is an endogenous metabolite primarily involved in cholesterol homeostasis within the brain. As a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), 24S-OHC functions through a unique mechanism distinct from other allosteric modulators. Its high levels in both the brain and circulation make it a valuable tool for research into neurological functions and disorders related to cholesterol metabolism and synaptic transmission.
Synonyms: Propyl Disulfide; DPDS
Dipropyl disulfide serves as a substrate for flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the oxidative formation of dipropyl thiosulfinate (DPDSO) via rat microsomes. This compound is metabolized to key metabolites, including propylglutathione sulfide conjugate and propylthiol, making it valuable for exploring mechanisms of sulfur metabolism and detoxification pathways. Its applications extend to research in drug metabolism and the study of endogenous metabolites in various biological systems.
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an endogenous metabolite involved in the metabolic pathway of phenylalanine. It serves as a substrate for the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPPA), which plays a critical role in amino acid catabolism. This compound is valuable for investigating HPD-related disorders, including type III tyrosinemia and hawkinsinuria, providing insights into their biochemical mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches.
Synonyms: ADP ribose
Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (ADP ribose) is an endogenous metabolite that plays a critical role in cellular signaling and regulation. It is primarily involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and the modulation of gene expression. ADP ribose serves as a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases and is integral to various biological processes, including cell repair and apoptosis. This compound is valuable for research applications related to DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling.
Synonyms: ac4CTP sodium
N4-Acetylcytidine triphosphate sodium is a nucleoside metabolite that serves as a highly effective substrate for T7 Polymerase in in vitro transcription processes. It can be seamlessly incorporated into various RNA templates, enabling the study of RNA synthesis and the functional characterization of nucleic acids. This reagent is essential for research applications involving gene expression analyses and RNA transcript engineering.
Synonyms: 17-OHP5
17a-Hydroxypregnenolone is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It acts as a substrate for the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), playing a critical role in steroidogenesis. This compound is valuable in research on adrenal steroid production and associated hormonal pathways.
D-N-Acetylgalactosamine is an endogenous metabolite involved in various biological processes, including glycosylation and cell signaling. It serves as a substrate for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids, influencing cellular functions and interactions. This compound is valuable for research in carbohydrate biochemistry, cellular metabolism, and the study of glycan-related diseases.
