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Endogenous metabolites are small molecules made by the body's own metabolism, such as amino acids and steroids. They are used as metabolomics standards, as enzyme substrates and as tools to probe how metabolic pathways are regulated. L-Citrulline, an intermediate of the urea cycle, is also formed when nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid intermediate on the route to cortisol. Prostaglandin E1 represents the eicosanoids, a group of lipid mediators derived from fatty acids. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the cofactor used by sirtuins.
Synonyms: Erythrosphingosine; erythro-C18-Sphingosine; trans-4-Sphingenine
D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.
Palmitoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid-derived mitochondrial substrate, and selectively decreases cell survival in colorectal and prostate cancer cells by affecting on pro-inflammatory pathways, Ca2+ influx, and DHT-like effects.
Synonyms: Palmityl alcohol
1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol that acts as a lipophilic substrate, primarily serving as an endogenous metabolite. This compound is valuable in research on ferroptosis, providing insights into lipid metabolism and cellular oxidative stress. Its applications extend to studies exploring the mechanisms underlying cell death pathways and the role of lipid peroxidation.
Synonyms: 9-cis-Octadecenoic acid; 9Z-Octadecenoic acid
Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
Sucralose is an activator of taste receptor, type 1, member 2 (T1R2) and taste receptor type 1, member 3 (T1R3).
Synonyms: Paralactic acid; L-(+)-Lactic acid; PH 90; Sarcolactic acid; Sarcolacticum acidum; Tisulac; BRN 1720251
L-Lactic acid is used as a substrate for lactic acid dehydrogenase and lactate oxidase.
(E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299.
Synonyms: Beta-cyano-l-alanine
β-cyano-L-Alanine (Beta-cyano-l-alanine), a nitrile of widespread occurrence in higher plants, is enzymatically produced by cyanoalanine synthase from cyanide and cysteine as substrates. β-cyano-L-Alanine abolishes the protective effect of ethanol on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
Isovalerylcarnitine is a product of the catabolism of L-leucine. It increases calpain activity.
Hydroxypyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycine, serine and threonine. It is a substrate for Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase and Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase.
Synonyms: 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol
Veratryl alcohol (3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol), a secondary metabolite of some lignin degrading fungi, is commonly used nonphenolic substrate for assaying ligninolytic activity.
Synonyms: N-Acetylserotonin; Normelatonin; O-Demethylmelatonin
N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.
Synonyms: NSC 74385
Methyl vanillate, one of the ingredients in Hovenia dulcis Thunb, is a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator. A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of vanillic acid. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite.
Synonyms: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate
5'-GTP trisodium salt hydrate is an activator of the signal transducing G proteins and also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
Synonyms: 3-O-methyl Dopamine
3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.
Tomatidine hydrochloride acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling. Tomatidine hydrochloride activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid (3-HAA, 3-HANA), a tryptophan metabolite, has an immunomodulatory effect that may result from inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activity, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Synonyms: L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium
2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium acts as an antioxidant and a stimulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production.
2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (dUMP) is a substrate for thymidylate synthase and is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). The inhibition of dUMP to dTMP at the methylation step is a key in controlling bacterial and eukaryotic cell growth.
5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) is an endogenous substrate of DNA methyltransferases, including mammalian 5-C-MTase, and binds to DNA in a manner dependent on DNA stem-loop structure formation. It directs de novo DNA methylation by serving as a methylation mark, promoting methylation of adjacent CpG sites in single-stranded DNA via cis-acting mechanisms. 5mdC regulates DNA methylation patterns by recruiting methyltransferases to specific chromatin regions, influencing chromatin condensation and gene expression. In plant cells, its distribution correlates with cell proliferation and differentiation stages, with lower methylation levels in proliferating cells and higher levels in differentiated cells.
L-Cystine dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt of the endogenous metabolite L-Cystine, functioning primarily as an activator of the Nrf2 transcription factor. This compound enhances Nrf2 protein expression, leading to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and protection against apoptosis induced by oxidants or Doxorubicin. Additionally, L-Cystine dihydrochloride, in combination with L-theanine, promotes the production of antigen-specific IgG and modulates T helper 2 (Th2) responses by elevating glutathione (GSH) levels in murine models. It holds potential for investigating conditions such as cystinuria and the formation of kidney stones.
L-Cystine hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a potent Nrf2 activator and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. It enhances Nrf2 protein expression, facilitating transcriptional responses that combat oxidative stress. Research indicates that L-Cystine hydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects cells from apoptosis induced by oxidants or Doxorubicin. Additionally, its combination with L-theanine has been shown to boost antigen-specific IgG production by elevating glutathione levels and promoting T helper 2 (Th2) responses. This compound has significant potential for studying cystinuria and kidney stone formation.
Homogentisic acid lactone is a fungal metabolite that exhibits significant fungicidal activity, notably against the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. This compound is derived from the fungus WF5 and serves as a valuable substrate for assessing serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) activity in biochemical research. Its unique mode of action and biological properties make it an important tool in studies related to fungal pathogenesis and enzyme activity assessment.
N1-Acetylspermidine hydrochloride is an acetyl derivative of polyamines, serving as a substrate for polyamine oxidase (PAO). It has been shown to promote apoptosis, particularly in conjunction with procyanidins, and demonstrates cleavage efficiency at apurinic sites in DNA. This compound has valuable applications in colorectal cancer research, facilitating investigations into polyamine metabolism and its implications in tumorigenesis.
5β-Dihydrocortisol, a metabolite of cortisol, serves as an apoptosis activator with potential implications for cancer research. It enhances glucocorticoid activity, notably in raising intraocular pressure. Additionally, 5β-Dihydrocortisol has been shown to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells, making it a valuable reagent for studies focused on cellular signaling and cancer therapeutics.
