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Impurities & Reference Standards collects environmental contaminants, industrial chemicals and drug stereoisomers. Many entries are substances monitored in environmental and food analysis, such as the plasticizer dimethyl phthalate and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene. Flame retardants are represented by the organophosphate triphenyl phosphate and by brominated compounds. Perfluorodecanoic acid belongs to the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class known for persistence in the environment. A second group holds enantiomers and isomers of research compounds, such as (R)-Asundexian, the (R)-enantiomer of the factor XIa inhibitor asundexian. Such isomers support stereochemical comparison and the development of chromatographic separation methods. Process-related and degradation compounds of individual drugs are listed separately under Drug Impurity.
UNC-4219 TFA serves as a methylated negative control for the CBX7-H3 antagonist UNC3866, demonstrating no interaction with the CBX7 protein at high concentrations. This compound is primarily utilized in research applications that assess the specificity and efficacy of CBX7 modulation, providing a valuable reference point in studies involving chromatin modification and gene regulation.
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25I-NBOMe 4-methoxy isomer hydrochloride is a potent agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. It exhibits high affinity for both rat and human 5-HT2A receptors, with binding affinities (Ki values) of 0.087 nM and 0.044 nM, respectively. This compound is utilized in research exploring serotonergic mechanisms and their implications in neuropharmacology, particularly in studies related to psychotropic effects and receptor signaling pathways.
(6R)-FR054 is a less active isomer of FR054, acting primarily as a modulator of biological pathways influenced by the parent compound. This reagent provides a valuable tool for comparative studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of action and specific contributions of the more active isomer. Researchers can utilize (6R)-FR054 in the development of experimental designs that require an understanding of molecular interactions and signaling processes.
Sopromidine is a potent stereoselective isomer of the achiral H2-agonist Impromidine. It exhibits significant activity as a histamine H2 receptor agonist, influencing gastric acid secretion and various physiological processes. This reagent is primarily utilized in research focused on gastrointestinal physiology and pharmacology, facilitating studies on the modulation of histaminergic pathways.
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Cetirizine N-oxide is an oxidative degradation product of the histamine H1 receptor antagonist cetirizine. This compound serves as a useful reference in studies investigating the metabolic pathways and stability of cetirizine. Research applications may include pharmacokinetic studies, drug metabolism investigations, and the assessment of oxidative stress impacts on antihistamine efficacy.
WAY-120744 is a novel naphthalenyl 3H-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazole 2-oxide that acts as a potent modulator of biological targets relevant to chemotherapeutic strategies. This compound demonstrates significant anti-cancer activity, making it suitable for applications in cancer research and drug development. Its unique structure permits exploration of mechanisms of action in various cellular contexts, providing valuable insights into the modulation of signaling pathways.
Fz7-21S is a negative control for the peptide antagonist Fz7-21, targeting FZD7 receptors. This reagent serves as a critical tool in experimental setups that require the evaluation of Fz7-21 activity without exerting its inhibitory effects. It is suitable for studies focused on FZD7-mediated signaling pathways, enabling researchers to delineate the specific biological functions and downstream effects associated with FZD7 receptor inhibition.
(Rac)-MK 0686 is a racemic mixture of MK 0686, which acts as an antagonist of the bradykinin B1 receptor. This compound demonstrates key biological activity by inhibiting bradykinin-induced signaling pathways, making it a valuable tool for research in pain modulation and inflammation. Its applications extend to studying the roles of bradykinin receptors in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Synonyms: (Rac)-SK-1403 free acid; (Rac)-AJT240 free acid; (Rac)-PLS240 free acid
(Rac)-Upacicalcet serves as a racemic compound of Upacicalcet, a non-peptide calcimimetic that functions as an agonist of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) with an EC50 of 10.8 nM. This compound has been shown to effectively lower serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcium levels, thereby mitigating hypocalcemia and associated gastrointestinal issues. In research models of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) induced by adenine, (Rac)-Upacicalcet demonstrates potential in improving vascular calcification and alleviating bone disorders. Its inhibitory effects on cortical pore formation and bone fibrosis have been noted in studies involving chronic kidney disease (CKD) models, making it a valuable tool for investigating SHPT mechanisms.
(R)-SCH-23982 hydrochloride is the R-enantiomer of SCH-23982, a selective antagonist of the dopamine D1 receptor. This compound demonstrates significant potential in the study of central nervous system disorders, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Its targeted action on dopamine D1 receptors makes it a valuable tool for exploring therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric research.
(1S,2S)-2-PCCA hydrochloride is a diastereomer of 2-PCCA that serves as a selective GPR88 receptor agonist. This compound effectively inhibits GPR88-mediated cAMP production, demonstrating an EC50 of 116 nM in HEK293 cells. It is useful in research applications focused on GPR88-related signaling pathways and neurological studies.
(Rac)-L-659989 is a racemic mixture of the selective and competitive platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, L-659989. It exhibits potent oral bioactivity, making it a valuable tool for studying PAF signaling pathways. This compound is utilized in research applications focused on cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, where PAF receptor modulation plays a critical role.
Synonyms: (R)-Isoleucine
D-Isoleucine is a selective competitive activator of the Asc-1 antiporter, exhibiting a Ki value of 0.98 mM. By binding to the Asc-1 protein on neuronal cell membranes, D-Isoleucine facilitates the release of D-serine and glycine, thereby enhancing NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. This compound is relevant in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Additionally, D-Isoleucine serves as a non-classical D-amino acid, disrupting bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and inhibiting biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting its potential utility in antibacterial research.
(Rac)-MEM 1003 is the racemic mixture of MEM 1003, a dihydropyridine derivative that acts as a potent antagonist of L-type calcium channels. This compound has demonstrated significant biological activity in modulating calcium influx, making it a valuable tool in Alzheimer's disease research. (Rac)-MEM 1003 offers potential insights into calcium channel regulation and its implications in neurodegenerative conditions.
W-7 isomer hydrochloride is a selective calmodulin antagonist known for its inhibitory effects on calmodulin-mediated processes. This compound is employed in various biological research applications, particularly in studies related to calcium signaling, muscle contraction, and signal transduction pathways. Its specific targeting of calmodulin makes it a valuable tool for investigating cellular mechanisms influenced by calcium ions.
Synonyms: (Rac)-IAA-94
(Rac)-Methylindazone is the racemic mixture of Methylindazone, a potent blocker of the CLIC1 ion channel. This compound exhibits significant biological activity in modulating chloride ion transport, making it a valuable tool in research focused on ion channel function and related physiological processes. Potential applications include studies in cellular signaling and the investigation of CLIC1's role in various pathophysiological conditions.
Synonyms: (R)-SPD502
NS1219, the isomer of NS1209, serves as a selective AMPA receptor antagonist, exhibiting neuroprotective properties. This compound is utilized in research focusing on stroke, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy, providing insights into potential therapeutic approaches for these conditions. Its unique mechanism and target profile make it a valuable reagent for neurobiology studies.
Synonyms: (S,S)-HMS-5552; (S,S)-RO-5305552
(S,S)-Sinogliatin is the (S,S)-enantiomer of the glucokinase activator Sinogliatin, specifically targeting glucokinase to enhance its activity. This compound demonstrates significant potential in the modulation of glucose metabolism, making it a valuable tool for research applications related to type 2 diabetes. Its use can aid in investigating the therapeutic mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function.
(R)-ONO-2952 is a highly selective enantiomer of ONO-2952, acting as a potent antagonist of the translocator protein (TSPO) with inhibition constants (Kis) ranging from 0.33 to 9.30 nM for both rat and human TSPO. This compound exhibits a notable selectivity for TSPO over other receptors, transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. Its significant biological activity makes it a valuable tool for research applications focused on neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and various TSPO-related pathways in cellular and molecular studies.
11alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone is an isomer of 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone, serving as a valuable experimental control in research. It exhibits biological activity as a modulator of steroid receptors and can be utilized to investigate the effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in cellular systems. Its application includes studying the activation of human mineralocorticoid receptors and the inhibition of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, facilitating a deeper understanding of steroid hormone signaling pathways.
