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Impurities & Reference Standards collects environmental contaminants, industrial chemicals and drug stereoisomers. Many entries are substances monitored in environmental and food analysis, such as the plasticizer dimethyl phthalate and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene. Flame retardants are represented by the organophosphate triphenyl phosphate and by brominated compounds. Perfluorodecanoic acid belongs to the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class known for persistence in the environment. A second group holds enantiomers and isomers of research compounds, such as (R)-Asundexian, the (R)-enantiomer of the factor XIa inhibitor asundexian. Such isomers support stereochemical comparison and the development of chromatographic separation methods. Process-related and degradation compounds of individual drugs are listed separately under Drug Impurity.
UNC-4219 TFA serves as a methylated negative control for the CBX7-H3 antagonist UNC3866, demonstrating no interaction with the CBX7 protein at high concentrations. This compound is primarily utilized in research applications that assess the specificity and efficacy of CBX7 modulation, providing a valuable reference point in studies involving chromatin modification and gene regulation.
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Cetirizine N-oxide is an oxidative degradation product of the histamine H1 receptor antagonist cetirizine. This compound serves as a useful reference in studies investigating the metabolic pathways and stability of cetirizine. Research applications may include pharmacokinetic studies, drug metabolism investigations, and the assessment of oxidative stress impacts on antihistamine efficacy.
Fz7-21S is a negative control for the peptide antagonist Fz7-21, targeting FZD7 receptors. This reagent serves as a critical tool in experimental setups that require the evaluation of Fz7-21 activity without exerting its inhibitory effects. It is suitable for studies focused on FZD7-mediated signaling pathways, enabling researchers to delineate the specific biological functions and downstream effects associated with FZD7 receptor inhibition.
(Rac)-MK 0686 is a racemic mixture of MK 0686, which acts as an antagonist of the bradykinin B1 receptor. This compound demonstrates key biological activity by inhibiting bradykinin-induced signaling pathways, making it a valuable tool for research in pain modulation and inflammation. Its applications extend to studying the roles of bradykinin receptors in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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(R)-SCH-23982 hydrochloride is the R-enantiomer of SCH-23982, a selective antagonist of the dopamine D1 receptor. This compound demonstrates significant potential in the study of central nervous system disorders, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Its targeted action on dopamine D1 receptors makes it a valuable tool for exploring therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric research.
(Rac)-L-659989 is a racemic mixture of the selective and competitive platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, L-659989. It exhibits potent oral bioactivity, making it a valuable tool for studying PAF signaling pathways. This compound is utilized in research applications focused on cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, where PAF receptor modulation plays a critical role.
Synonyms: (R)-Isoleucine
D-Isoleucine is a selective competitive activator of the Asc-1 antiporter, exhibiting a Ki value of 0.98 mM. By binding to the Asc-1 protein on neuronal cell membranes, D-Isoleucine facilitates the release of D-serine and glycine, thereby enhancing NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. This compound is relevant in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Additionally, D-Isoleucine serves as a non-classical D-amino acid, disrupting bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and inhibiting biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting its potential utility in antibacterial research.
(Rac)-MEM 1003 is the racemic mixture of MEM 1003, a dihydropyridine derivative that acts as a potent antagonist of L-type calcium channels. This compound has demonstrated significant biological activity in modulating calcium influx, making it a valuable tool in Alzheimer's disease research. (Rac)-MEM 1003 offers potential insights into calcium channel regulation and its implications in neurodegenerative conditions.
W-7 isomer hydrochloride is a selective calmodulin antagonist known for its inhibitory effects on calmodulin-mediated processes. This compound is employed in various biological research applications, particularly in studies related to calcium signaling, muscle contraction, and signal transduction pathways. Its specific targeting of calmodulin makes it a valuable tool for investigating cellular mechanisms influenced by calcium ions.
Synonyms: (Rac)-IAA-94
(Rac)-Methylindazone is the racemic mixture of Methylindazone, a potent blocker of the CLIC1 ion channel. This compound exhibits significant biological activity in modulating chloride ion transport, making it a valuable tool in research focused on ion channel function and related physiological processes. Potential applications include studies in cellular signaling and the investigation of CLIC1's role in various pathophysiological conditions.
Synonyms: (R)-SPD502
NS1219, the isomer of NS1209, serves as a selective AMPA receptor antagonist, exhibiting neuroprotective properties. This compound is utilized in research focusing on stroke, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy, providing insights into potential therapeutic approaches for these conditions. Its unique mechanism and target profile make it a valuable reagent for neurobiology studies.
Synonyms: (S,S)-HMS-5552; (S,S)-RO-5305552
(S,S)-Sinogliatin is the (S,S)-enantiomer of the glucokinase activator Sinogliatin, specifically targeting glucokinase to enhance its activity. This compound demonstrates significant potential in the modulation of glucose metabolism, making it a valuable tool for research applications related to type 2 diabetes. Its use can aid in investigating the therapeutic mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function.
(R)-ONO-2952 is a highly selective enantiomer of ONO-2952, acting as a potent antagonist of the translocator protein (TSPO) with inhibition constants (Kis) ranging from 0.33 to 9.30 nM for both rat and human TSPO. This compound exhibits a notable selectivity for TSPO over other receptors, transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. Its significant biological activity makes it a valuable tool for research applications focused on neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and various TSPO-related pathways in cellular and molecular studies.
