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Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and activators act on a family of lipid-regulated serine/threonine kinases. Conventional PKC isoforms require calcium and diacylglycerol, novel isoforms need only diacylglycerol, and atypical isoforms respond to neither. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters mimic diacylglycerol and were shown in 1982 to activate PKC directly. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is the standard activator of this kind, and ingenol mebutate also activates several isoforms. Staurosporine was first described as a PKC inhibitor but blocks a wide range of protein kinases. Enzastaurin is selective for PKCβ, while GO6983 and Ro 31-8220 mesylate inhibit multiple conventional and novel isoforms.
Synonyms: PEP005; ingenol-3-angelate; I3A
Ingenol mebutate is a substance found in the sap of the plant Euphorbia peplus and an inducer of cell death.
Synonyms: Ingenol 3-benzoate
Ingenol 3-monobenzoate is an aversion inducer that selectively activates protein kinase C (PKC) with a Ki of 0.14 nM. This compound inhibits the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, leading to reduced gluconeogenesis and elevated cortisol levels, which collectively contribute to induced food aversion. Ingenol 3-monobenzoate is valuable for research into behavioral responses to aversive stimuli and the underlying metabolic mechanisms.
