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Amino acid transporter inhibitors block membrane carriers for glutamine, leucine, glycine and cystine. Most of these carriers belong to the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily and supply cells with nutrients and neurotransmitter precursors. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) was cloned in 1998 as a large neutral amino acid carrier that requires the 4F2 heavy chain (CD98). BCH is a classic LAT1 inhibitor, and nanvuranlat also blocks LAT1. A 2018 study reported V-9302 as a blocker of glutamine uptake through alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2), a carrier also targeted by GPNA hydrochloride. HG106 inhibits the cystine/glutamate exchanger encoded by solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), cloned in 1999. Bitopertin and sarcosine act on glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) at synapses.
GPNA hydrochloride is a well known substrate of the enzyme γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT). GPNA hydrochloride is a specific glutamine (Gln) transporter ASCT2 inhibitor.
